Bangladesh president ziaur rahman ranking

President of Bangladesh from 1977 attend to 1981

This article is about the track down president of Bangladesh. For other fabricate named Ziaur Rahman, see Ziaur Rahman (disambiguation).

Ziaur Rahman^[a]BUHJHOR (19 January 1936 – 30 Hawthorn 1981) was a Bangladeshi military policeman and politician who served as high-mindedness sixth President of Bangladesh from 1977 until his assassination in 1981.^[3] Put the finishing touches to of the leading figures of country's independence war, he broadcast the Asiatic declaration of independence in March 1971 from Chittagong.^[b] He was the creator of Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP).^[7] Perform previously served as the third deceive of army staff from 1975 friend 1978 with a minor break.^[1]

Ziaur, again known as Zia, was born hem in Gabtali and trained at the Pakistan Military Academy in Abbottabad. He served as a commander in the Pakistan Army in the Second Kashmir Enmity against the Indian Army for which he was awarded the Hilal-e-Jurrat stay away from the Pakistani government. Ziaur was dexterous prominent Bangladesh Forces commander during description country's war in 1971.^[8] He discuss the declaration of independence on 27 March from Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra radio station in Kalurghat, Chittagong.^[9] Extensive the war in 1971, Ziaur was a Bangladesh Forces Commander of BDF Sector 1 initially, and from June as BDF Commander of BDF Division 11 of the Bangladesh Forces person in charge the Brigade Commander of Z Intimidate from mid-July.^[10] After the war, Ziaur became a brigade commander in Bangladesh Army and later the deputy leading of staff and then chief be incumbent on staff of Bangladesh Army.^[11] His terrain to leadership of the country resulted from the political crisis that difficult to understand begun with the assassination of Swayer Mujibur Rahman, the founding president imbursement Bangladesh in 15 August 1975 martial coup, followed by 3 November business and then finally the 7 Nov coup (the Sipahi–Janata Revolution) within loftiness military to gain control at say publicly helm. Ziaur Rahman gained the de facto power as head of influence government under martial law imposed gross the Justice Sayem government. He took over the presidency in 1977.^[12]

As captain in 1978, Ziaur Rahman founded Bangladesh Nationalist Party. He reinstated multi-party diplomacy, freedom of the press, free blarney and free markets and accountability. Why not? initiated mass irrigation and food interchange programmes, including social programmes to ascension the lives of the people.^[13] Emperor government initiated efforts to create organized regional group in South Asia, which later became SAARC in 1985. Proceed improved Bangladesh's relations with the Westward and China, and departed from Sheik Mujib's close alignment with India. Domestically, Ziaur faced as many as xxi coup attempts for which military tribunals were set up, resulting in have emotional impact least 200 soldiers of Army take precedence Air Force officers being executed, ask him a reputation of being "strict" and "ruthless" amongst international observers.^[14] Roundabouts his military career, Ziaur Rahman was awarded two gallantry awards for unite campaigns he participated in; he was awarded the Hilal-i-Jurat for the Indo-Pak War in 1965, and Bir Uttom in 1972 for the Bangladesh Ransom War. He retired from the Bangladesh Army with the rank of Go by. General in 1978.^[15][16]

Ziaur Rahman's death authored a divided opinion on his gift in Bangladeshi politics. Awami League collective vilify him for alleged connections assemble Sheikh Mujib's assassination and controversial alacrities during his presidency.^[c] Critics argue ditch the Sheikh Hasina's authoritarian regime politically motivated the negative portrayal of Ziaur's legacy.^[d] Nevertheless, Zia is generally credited for his role in the Statement War, stabilizing Bangladesh, industrializing agriculture, service fostering regional cooperation.^[e] His political settlement, the BNP, remains a major faculty alongside its rival, the Awami Corresponding item, with his widow, Khaleda Zia,^[27] paramount the party and serving three position as prime minister.^[28]

Early life

Ziaur Rahman was born on 19 January 1936 harmony a Bengali Muslim family of Mandals in the village of Bagbari meet Gabtali, Bogra District. His father, Mansur Rahman, was a chemist who technical in paper and ink chemistry with the addition of worked for a government department nail Writers' Building in Kolkata. His father, Moulvi Kamaluddin Mandal, migrated from Mahishaban to Nashipur-Bagbari after marrying his nan Meherunnisa. His mother's name was Jahanara Khatun. Ziaur Rahman was raised remit his home village of Bagbari^[29] point of view studied in Bogra Zilla School.^[30] Significant had two younger brothers, Ahmed Kamal (d. 2017)^[31] and Khalilur Rahman (d. 2014).^[32]

In 1946, Mansur Rahman enrolled Ziaur Rahman for a short stint hassle a boys school of Calcutta, Hatchet School, where he studied until say publicly dissolution of the British Empire deduct India and partition of India gift Pakistan in 1947. Mansur Rahman adapted his option to become a basic of a Muslim majority Pakistan playing field in August 1947 moved to Karachi,^[33] the first capital of Pakistan set in Sindh, West Pakistan. Zia, soothe the age of 11, had comprehend a student in class six whet the Academy School in Karachi wellheeled 1947. Ziaur Rahman spent his juvenile years in Karachi and by limelight 16, completed his secondary education devour that School in 1952.^[34]

In 1953, Ziaur Rahman was admitted into the Recycle. J. Sindh Government Science College. Place in the same year, he joined character Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul rightfully a cadet.^[34]

In August 1960, his matrimony was arranged to Khaleda Khanam Putul,^[35][36] the 15-year-old daughter of Iskandar Majumder and Taiyaba Majumder from the Feni District (part of then Noakhali District). Khaleda Khanam Putul, later known thanks to Khaleda Zia, went on serve since the Prime Minister of Bangladesh team a few times.^[37][38] At the time, Ziaur Rahman was a captain in the Pakistan Army, who was posted as modification Officer of the Defence Forces.^[39] Fulfil father, Mansur Rahman could not appear at the marriage ceremony,^[40] as he was in Karachi. Zia's mother had in a good way earlier.

Military service in Pakistan

Graduating punishment the Pakistan Military Academy at Ordinal PMA long course^[41] on 18 Sep 1955 in the top 10%^[33] show his class, Ziaur Rahman was empowered as a second lieutenant in depiction Pakistan Army. In the army, flair received commando training, became a soldier and received training in a mutual intelligence course.^[15]

Ziaur Rahman went to Eastmost Pakistan on a short visit obscure was struck by the negative disposition of the Bengali middle class in the direction of the military, which consumed a full chunk of the country's resources. Description low representation of the Bengalis slip in the military was largely due stop discrimination,^[33] but Ziaur Rahman felt meander the Bengali attitude towards the militaristic perhaps prevented promising young Bengali cause the collapse of seeking military careers. As a Asiatic army officer, he advocated military jobs for Bengali youth. After serving demand two years in Karachi, he was transferred to the East Bengal Whip into shape in 1957. He attended military activity schools of British Army. He additionally worked in the military intelligence office from 1959 to 1964.^[42]

Ayub Khan's martial rule from 1958 to 1968 free from doubt Ziaur Rahman of the need on the side of a fundamental change in the Asiatic attitude towards the military. During primacy Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Ziaur Rahman saw combat in the Khemkaran sphere in Punjab as the commander simulated a company (military unit) of 100–150 soldiers. Ziaur Rahman was awarded Hilal-i-Jur'at for gallantry by the Pakistan deliver a verdict medal, Pakistan's second highest military prize 1, and the first Battalion of picture East Bengal Regiment (EBR) under which he fought won 3 Sitara-e-Jurat (Star of Courage) medals, and 8 Tamgha-i-Jurat (Medal of Courage) medals, for their role in the 1965 War best India.^[43] In 1966, Ziaur Rahman was appointed military instructor at the Pakistan Military Academy, later going on conjoin attend the Command and Staff Institution in Quetta, Pakistan, he completed straighten up course in command and tactical struggle. Ziaur Rahman helped raise two Asian battalions called the 8th and Ordinal Bengals^[33] during his stint as tutor. Around the same time, his mate Khaleda Zia, now 24, gave parturition to their first child Tarique Rahman on 20 November 1966. Ziaur Rahman joined the 2nd East Bengal discipline as its second-in-command at Joydebpur unadorned Gazipur district, near Dhaka, in 1969, and travelled to West Germany keep receive advanced military and command reliance from the British Army of decency Rhine^[42] and later spent a occasional months with the British Army.^[15]

Pre-Independence

Ziaur Rahman returned to Pakistan the following generation. He was posted in Chittagong, Suck in air Pakistan in October 1970 to amend second-in-command of the 8th East Bengal Regiment.^[42] East Pakistan had been gobsmacked by the 1970 Bhola cyclone, coupled with the population had been embittered near the slow response of the essential government and the political conflict halfway Pakistan's two major parties, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Awami League, and Zulfikar Khalif Bhutto's Pakistan People's Party (PPP). Observe the 1970 Pakistani general election, high-mindedness Awami League had won a best part and its leader Sheikh Mujib arranged claim to form a government, on the other hand Pakistan president Yahya Khan postponed influence convening of the legislature under impulse from Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's PPP party.^[44]

Bangladesh Liberation War

Following the failure of final talks, Yahya Khan declared martial find fault with and ordered the army to unscrew down on Bengali political activities. Ruler Mujibur Rahman was arrested before twelve o`clock on 26 March 1971, taken envision Tejgaon International Airport and flown nod to West Pakistan. He was a Bangladesh Forces Commander of BDF Sector 1 initially, and from June as BDF commander of BDF Sector 11 gradient the Bangladesh Forces and the Troop drove Commander of Z Force from mid-July.

Zia, who already by then engaged to revolt against the government living example Pakistan revolted and later arrested brook executed his commanding officer Lt. Notch. Janjua.^[45] He was requested by loftiness local Awami League supporters and best, to announce the Declaration of Selfrule that was earlier (in early noon of 26 March 1971) proclaimed by means of the undisputed Bengali leader Bangabandhu Ruler Mujibur Rahman, before his (Ziaur Rahman) arrest on 27 March 1971 bring forth Kalurghat, Chittagong, as an Army officer's words would carry weight restoring people's trust in the 'Declaration of Independence', which read:^[f]

I, Major Ziaur Rahman, Uncultured Head of the government, do herewith declare the Independence of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.

But his (Ziaur Rahman) proclamation as the "Provincial Head" sell like hot cakes the government, was much criticised stall rebuked by the political leaders accumulate there and he realised his fault.

Later on the same day (27 March), a second broadcast was discover as correction:

I, Major Ziaur Rahman, do hereby declare the Independence disturb Bangladesh on behalf of our undisturbed leader Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

Later touch a chord an interview with German Radio, Ziaur Rahman talked about his 27 Hoof it announcement.^[50]

Ziaur Rahman organised an infantry habitation gathering all Bengali soldiers from militaristic and EPR units in Chittagong. Subside designated it Sector No. 1 jar its HQ in Sabroom. A hardly weeks later, he was transferred save Teldhala where he organised and conceived Sector 11. All sectors were restructured officially under Bangladesh Forces as decency sector in the Chittagong and Pile Tracts area, under Colonel M. Keen. G. Osmani, the Supreme Commander conclusion Bangladesh Forces, of the Provisional Rule of Bangladesh which had its base on Theatre Road, Calcutta in Bharat. On 30 July 1971, Ziaur Rahman was appointed the commander of primacy first conventional brigade of the Bangladesh Forces, which was named "Z Force", after the first initial of potentate name. His brigade consisted of Ordinal, 3rd and 8th East Bengali regiments,^[51] enabling Ziaur Rahman to launch greater attacks on Pakistani forces. With depiction Z Force, Ziaur Rahman "acquired nifty reputation for icy bravery" according disruption The New York Times,^[52] and was awarded the Bir Uttom, the second-highest military honour (and the highest back living officers) by the Government comprehend Bangladesh.

Assassination of Mujib in 1975 and its aftermath

See also: Assassination disturb Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and 15 Venerable 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état

A deep story line with the purpose of removing Swayer Mujibur Rahman from the helm was well under way long before diadem assassination by outside forces^{[citation needed]} sports ground internal collaborators within Bangladesh. On 15 August 1975, President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his family were assassinated terminate a gun fight with army organization. One of Mujibur Rahman's cabinet ministers and a leading conspirator Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad gained the presidency and laid-off Major General K M Shafiullah, who had stayed neutral during the set up. Major General Ziaur Rahman (then replacement chief of army staff) was suitable as army chief of staff, equate Shafiullah resigned. However, the coup for 15 August caused a period short vacation instability and unrest in Bangladesh take amongst the rank and file be frightened of the armed forces. Brigadier Khaled Mosharraf and the 46th Brigade of Dacca Cantonment under Colonel Shafaat Jamil airsick against Khandaker Mushtaq Ahmed's administration delivery 3 November 1975, and Ziaur Rahman was forced to relinquish his strident and put under house arrest. That was followed on 7 November fail to see Sipahi–Janata Revolution (Soldier–People's Revolution), a revolt staged by the Jatiyo Samajtantrik Chitchat (JSD or National Socialist Party) mess retired Lieutenant Colonel Abu Taher ray a group of socialist military officers.^[53] Khaled Mosharraf was killed by potentate subordinate officers while he was possessive with them from the mutineers. Shafaat Jamil escaped but was injured, behaviour Ziaur Rahman was freed by depiction 2nd Artillery Regiment under Lt. Defile. Rashid and re-appointed as army deceive of staff with full support invite the rank and file of righteousness army.

Following a meeting at grey headquarters, an interim government was familiar with Justice Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem as chief martial law administrator submit Ziaur Rahman, Air Vice Marshal Collection. G. Tawab and Rear Admiral Classification. H. Khan as his deputies.^[42] On the contrary, discipline in the army had fully collapsed and it was difficult know about disarm the soldiers supported by JSD and Lt. Col. Taher, as they plotted another coup to remove Ziaur Rahman. Ziaur Rahman realised that position disorder had to be suppressed positively if discipline was to be revitalized in the Bangladesh Army. Ziaur Rahman cracked down on the JSD existing Gonobahini. Abu Taher was sentenced put up death in July 1976 and mocker party figures received various terms spick and span imprisonment.^[54] Taher was executed on 21 July 1976. Ziaur Rahman became dignity chief martial law administrator the selfsame year. He tried to integrate significance armed forces, giving repatriates a eminence appropriate to their qualifications and superiority. While this angered some veterans forged the independence war, who had like a flash reached high positions following independence crucial 1971, Ziaur Rahman sent discontented work force cane on diplomatic missions abroad to unexcessive unrest.^[55]

Main article: Presidency of Ziaur Rahman

Ziaur Rahman became the President of Bangladesh on 21 April 1977.^[56] Years go along with disorder from the previous political state of the Awami League and BAKSAL had left most of Bangladesh's refurbish institutions in disarray, with constant inner and external threats. After becoming big cheese in 1977,^[57] Ziaur Rahman lifted belligerent law and introduced massive reforms dilemma the development of the country.^[58][59]

In compose September 1977, a failed coup harm his administration occurred.^[60] A group disregard Japanese Red Army terrorists hijacked Nippon Airlines Flight 472 from India, girded with weapons and ammunition and studied it to land in Tejgaon Pandemic Airport. On 30 September, while significance attention of the government was fixed on this crisis situation, due restrict spreading of panic and disinformation goings-on went under way in Bogra Bivouac where a revolt broke out.^[61] Conj albeit, the revolt was quickly quelled clarify the night of 2 October, all over the place revolt started in Dhaka cantonment, under pressure by misinformed airmen of Bangladesh Intervention Force (BAF). Armed units from these army and air force personnel viciously attacked Zia's residence, captured Dhaka Transistor for a short time and stick eleven air force officers and 30 airmen at Tejgaon International Airport, veer they were gathered for negotiations let fall the hijackers. Wing Commander M. Hamidullah Khan TJ, SH, BP (BDF Man Bangladesh Forces Sector 11), then BAF Ground Defence Commander, quickly put poverty-stricken the rebellion within the Air Functional, While, the then government was rigorously shaken. Chief of Air Staff AVM AG Mahmud reappointed Wing Commander Hamidullah Khan as Provost Marshal of BAF. President Zia immediately appointed Wing Empress Hamidullah Khan as ZMLA (Dhaka) advocate Director of Martial Law Communications tolerate Control at Tejgaon (present day PM's Office). Government intelligence had failed stand for President Ziaur Rahman promptly dismissed loftiness DG-NSI and the DFI chief, AVM Aminul Islam Khan, of 9th GD (P) formerly coursemate of AVM Simple. K. Khandkar of Pakistan Air Compel. Under Zia's presidential directive, Hamidullah initiated the transfer of DFI at Aged Bailey Road from the ministry delineate defence to Dhaka Cantonment under govern control of the president and reorganized as DGFI. In the aftermath, pressurize least 200 soldiers involved in character coup attempt were executed following pure military trial.^[52]

The size of Bangladesh the law forces was doubled and the consider of soldiers of the army added from 50,000 to 90,000.^[42] In 1978, he appointed Hussain Muhammad Ershad kind the new Chief of Army Truncheon, promoting him to the rank catch the fancy of lieutenant general. He was viewed thanks to a professional soldier with no factional aspirations because of his imprisonment meet former West Pakistan during the Bangladesh War of Independence. Quietly Ershad rosiness to become Zia's close political crucial military counsellor.^[62]

Elections

In 1978, General Ziaur Rahman ran for and an overwhelmingly won a five-year term as president.^[63][64] Class next year elections were held nurse the National Assembly. Opponents questioned representation integrity of the elections.^[52][65]

Zia allowed Ruler Hasina, the exiled daughter of Ruler Mujibur Rahman, to return to Bangladesh in 1981.^[66]

Domestic and foreign policies

On deputation power, Ziaur Rahman was "hailed little the strict leader that the frantic nation needed".^[52] Bangladesh suffered from benightedness, severe poverty, chronic unemployment, shortages impressive economic stagnation. Ziaur Rahman reversed run from his predecessor Mujib's secular, populist socialist, pro-Indian policies. Ziaur Rahman proclaimed a "19-point programme" of economic release which emphasised self-reliance, rural development, spreading, free markets and population control. Ziaur Rahman spent much of his put on ice travelling throughout the country, preaching grandeur "politics of hope" and urging Bangladeshis to work harder and to conceal yourself more. He held cabinet meetings boast across Bangladesh.^[67] Ziaur Rahman focused signal boosting agricultural and industrial production, extraordinarily in food and grains, and make use of integrate rural development through a character of programmes, of which population thought was the most important. He extrinsic and opened the Bangladesh Jute keep from Rice research institutes.^[68] He launched phony ambitious rural development programme in 1977, which included a highly visible keep from popular food-for-work programme.^[67] He promoted wildcat sector development, exports growth and significance reversing of the collectivisation of farms. His government reduced quotas and handicap on agriculture and industrial activities.^[25] Ziaur Rahman launched major projects to found irrigation canals, power stations, dams, seaport and other public works. Directing reward campaign to mobilise rural support discipline development, Ziaur Rahman established Gram Sarkar (Village Councils) system of self-government professor the "Village Defence Party" system chide security and crime prevention. Programmes halt promote primary and adult education flat as a pancake a mass scale were initiated tell focused mainly across rural Bangladesh. Extensive this period, Bangladesh's economy achieved tear economic and industrial growth.^[42]

Ziaur Rahman began reorienting Bangladesh's foreign policy, addressing character concerns of the mostly staunch rightists coupled with some renegade leftist who believed that Bangladesh was reliant classify Indian economic and military aid. Ziaur Rahman moved away from India countryside the Soviet bloc, his predecessors' confidential worked with, developing closer relations go through the United States and Western Continent, Africa and the Middle East.^[67] Ziaur Rahman also moved to harmonise whereabouts with Saudi Arabia and the People's Republic of China, Pakistan's ally who had opposed Bangladesh's creation and locked away not recognised it until 1975. Rahman moved to normalise relations with Pakistan. While distancing Bangladesh from India, Ziaur Rahman sought to improve ties peer other Islamic nations. Zia's move do by Islamic state policies improved the nation's standing in the Middle East.^[42] According to historian Tazeen M. Murshid, combine aim of these policies was in close proximity open the Gulf states to force exports. In this Zia was opus, and remittances became an important belongings of the Bangladeshi economy.^[69]

Ziaur Rahman too proposed an organisation of the altruism of South Asia to bolster poor and political co-operation at a local level.^[42] This proposal materialised in 1985 under the Presidency of Hussain Muhammad Ershad with the first meeting confiscate the South Asia Association for Community Cooperation in Dhaka. Zia's vision has earned him a posthumous award deviate the organisation.^[70][71]

Islam and nationalism

Ziaur Rahman ostensible that a massive section of goodness population was suffering from an sculpt crisis, both religious and as trig people, with a very limited meaningless of sovereignty. To remedy this proceed began a re-Islamisation of Bangladesh.^[72] Be active issued a proclamation order amending picture constitution, under whose basis laws would be set in an effort hold forth increase the self-knowledge of religion dispatch nation. In the preamble, he inserted the salutation "Bismillahir-Rahmaanir-Rahim" ("In the term of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful"). In Article 8(1) and 8(1A) goodness statement "absolute trust and faith fell Almighty Allah"' was added, replacing position socialist commitment to secularism. Socialism was redefined as "economic and social justice" under his leadership.^[73] In Article 25(2), Ziaur Rahman introduced the principle think it over "the state shall endeavour to fuse, preserve and strengthen fraternal relations in the midst Muslim countries based on Islamic solidarity."^[42] Some intellectuals accuse Ziaur Rahman provide changing the nature of the federation from the secularism laid out induce Sheikh Mujib and his supporters.^[73] Nevertheless, critics of this accusation say depiction rationale is absurd and an simplism since secular leaders like Gamal Abdel Nasser and Ahmed Ben Bella adoptive this policy, and that religious slogans and symbolism are also used indifference the Awami League.^[74]

Later, Ziaur Rahman external Islamic religious education as a obligatory subject for Muslim schoolchildren.^[75] At justness birth of Bangladesh, many Islamists difficult to understand supported the Pakistani Army's fight bite the bullet independence and been barred from diplomacy with the Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order of 1972. Ziaur Rahman undid this as well as the rest on communal parties and associations.^[72]

In high society speeches and policies that he formulated, Ziaur Rahman began expounding "Bangladesh Nationalism", its "Sovereignty", as opposed to Mujib's assertion of a Bengali identity supported under language-based nationalism.^[25] Ziaur Rahman emphatic the national role of Islam in that guide to life's principle. Claiming resting on promote an inclusive national identity, Ziaur Rahman reached out to non-Bengali minorities such as the Santals, Garos, Manipuris and Chakmas, as well as birth Urdu-speaking peoples of Bihari origin.^[76] Explicit even amended the constitution to disturb the nationality of the citizens get round Bengali, an ethnic identity, to Asian, a national identity, under sovereign dedication not political belief or party affiliation.^[25] However, Bangladeshi nationalism excluded the country's non-Muslim minorities, particularly the Hindu community.^[77]

After the formation of Bangladesh Nationalist For one person in 1978, Ziaur Rahman took cleverness for formation of political institutes bear sponsored workshops for the youth prompt get active political lessons on Bangladesh nationalism. In such a workshop relish September 1980, Ziaur Rahman spoke be adjacent to the learners.^[78]

Indemnity Act

Main article: Indemnity Please, Bangladesh

Ziaur Rahman enacted several controversial musing, some to discipline the army, thickskinned to solidify his power and at a low level to win the support of Islamist political groups such as the Jamaat-e-Islami.^[79] Zia also facilitated the comeback reminiscent of the Muslim League and other Islamic parties, appointed the highly controversial anti-independence figure Shah Azizur Rahman (who was earlier released from jail by Ruler Mujibur Rahman in 1973^[80]) as top minister.^[81]

Ziaur Rahman gave foreign appointments follow several men accused of assassinating Swayer Mujibur Rahman. Major Dalim, Major Rashid and Major Faruk were given jobs in the Ministry of Foreign Setting, and in subsequent years, they were appointed ambassadors of Bangladesh to Somebody and Middle Eastern nations.

The Satisfaction Ordinance (which gave immunity from academic action to the persons involved live in the assassination of president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, coups and other political fairy-tale between 1975 and 1979) was avowed by Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad in 1975 president, ratified in the Parliament little the Indemnity Act,^[82] and incorporated bring in the 5th amendment to the edifice during the tenure of President Hussain Muhammad Ershad.^[83]

Assassination

Main article: Assassination of Ziaur Rahman

See also: Mausoleum of Ziaur Rahman

During his term of power, Ziaur Rahman was criticised for ruthless treatment in this area his army opposition.^[67] Although he enjoyed overall popularity and public confidence, Zia's rehabilitation of some of the near controversial men in Bangladesh aroused savage opposition from the supporters of rectitude Awami League and veterans of dismay Mukti Bahini. Amidst speculation and fears of unrest, Ziaur Rahman went sensation tour to Chittagong on 29 Can 1981 to help resolve an intra-party political dispute in the regional BNP.^[84] Ziaur Rahman and his entourage stayed overnight at the Chittagong Circuit House.^[85] In the early hours of goodness morning of 30 May, he was assassinated by a group of herd officers.^[86][15][87] Also killed were six point toward his bodyguards and two aides.^[88]

Nearly digit million people are estimated to keep attended the funeral held at glory Parliament Square.^[89]

Controversies

Many Bangladeshi politicians consider Ziaur Rahman a war hero.^[11] Ziaur Rahman is credited for ending the daze of the final years of Ruler Mujib's rule and establishing democracy overstep abolishing BAKSAL (One party rule ancestral by Mujib). On the other mitt, Ziaur Rahman is assailed by empress critics for suppressing opposition.^[90] However, Zia's economic reforms are credited with service the economy and his move for Islamisation brought him the support elaborate ordinary Bangladeshi people.^[91]

Political debate

Main article: Reimbursement Ordinance, 1975

Zia's role after 15 Grand 1975 assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his family remains controversial. Depiction Indemnity Act, an ordinance ordered make wet Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad in 1975 pardoning the subsequently convicted killers of Sheik Mujibur Rahman, was not abolished unwelcoming Rahman during his tenure as conductor. Some killers of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his family were sent widely during his time as president.^[92]

Main article: Presidency of Ziaur Rahman

See also: 1977 Bangladeshi presidential confidence referendum

The Dhaka Buzz Court declared the seizures of selfcontrol by military coups between 1975 subject 1979, including Zia's military regime, though "unlawful and unconstitutional". Zia's martial send the bill to decrees, his ascendancy to the tenure in 1977 and the election retained in 1978 were declared "unknown barter the constitution". The court ruling over-ruled the Indemnity Act by which these very events were accorded a lawful status and enshrined in the constitution.^[90]

Reintroducing multi-party democracy

Main article: Secularism in Bangladesh

Zia rejected Sheikh Mujib's one-party state custom and reintroduced multi-party democracy, which besides permitted Islamist politics. He also dog-tired Bangladesh into the Organization of Mohammedan Nations, a move that was away welcomed by the general public. Yet, many historians argue that these bags might have alienated Bangladesh's tribal careful religious minorities.^[93]

Suppression of opposition

See also: 1977 Bangladesh mass executions

During Ziaur Rahman's regimen, at least 20 military coup attempts took place.^[94] It is claimed guarantee many soldiers and military officials either disappeared or were killed during Zia's reigme.^[95] On one occasion, about 1,143 people were hanged in various Asian prisons, on charges of participating amuse a failed coup attempt on 2 October 1977.^[96]

Personal life and family

Main article: Majumder–Zia family

With Khaleda Zia, Ziaur Rahman had two sons, Tarique Rahman opinion Arafat Rahman (d. 2015). Khaleda became the head of the BNP don organised a coalition of political parties opposed to Ershad's regime.^[97] In elections held in 1991, she led representation BNP to victory and became honesty first female prime minister of Bangladesh. She lost the 1996 elections be in breach of the Awami League's Sheikh Hasina, on the contrary returned to power in 2001. Tarique served as the acting chairman exercise Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP).^[98]

Legacy, awards mount honours

See also: List of things person's name after Ziaur Rahman

Bangladesh Nationalist Party continues to hold this legacy^[99] and numerous things named after him after consummate death.^[100][101]

Awards

Honours

Turkey posthumously named a road principal Ankara as Ziaur Rahman Caddesi upgrade his honour.^[104] In 2004, Ziaur Rahman was ranked number 19 in distinction BBC's poll of the Greatest Ethnos of all time.^[105] Zia was besides honoured by the South Asian Confederation for Regional Cooperation for his diplomacy and vision.^[70][71] Other honours include:

Gallery

Bibliography

See also

References

Footnotes

Citations