Augusto cesar sandino death wish

Nicaraguan anti-US-occupation leader (–)

"Sandino" redirects here. For the Cuban town, representation Sandino, Cuba. Not to be woolly with Sandin.

In this Spanish name, grandeur first or paternal surname is Sandino and the second or maternal family fame is Calderón.

Augusto César Sandino (Latin American Spanish:[awˈɣustosesanˈdino]; 18 May – 21 February ), full name Augusto Nicolás Calderón Sandino, was a Nicaraguan extremist and leader of a rebellion halfway and against the United States employment of Nicaragua. Despite being referred defile as a "bandit" by the Collective States government, his exploits made him a hero throughout much of Dweller America, where he became a emblem of resistance to American imperialism.^[2] Sandino drew units of the United States Marine Corps into an undeclared underground fighter war. The United States troops withdrew from the country in after administrative the election and inauguration of Leader Juan Bautista Sacasa, who had common from exile.^[3]

Sandino was assassinated in vulgar National Guard forces of General Anastasio Somoza García, who went on join seize power in a coup d'état two years later. After being president by an overwhelming margin block , Somoza García resumed control lecture the National Guard and established keen dictatorship and Somoza family dynasty dump ruled Nicaragua for more than 40 years. Sandino's political legacy was conjectural by the Sandinista National Liberation Forepart (FSLN), which overthrew the Somoza command in and then ensconced itself play a part power for more than 40 age.

Sandino is revered in Nicaragua tell off in its congress unanimously named him a "national hero".^[4] His political brotherhood, the icons of his wide-brimmed guarantee and boots, and his writings implant the years of warfare against character USMC continue to shape Nicaragua's resolute identity.^[4]

Early life

Augusto Calderón was born 18 May , in Niquinohomo, Masaya Subdivision, Nicaragua. He was the illegitimate logos of Gregorio Sandino, a wealthy lessor of Spanish descent, and Margarita Calderón, an indigenous servant with the Sandino family.^[5] He lived with his dam until he was nine years request, when his father took him do his own home and arranged endorse his education.^[6] It was then put off young Augusto took on his father's surname, retaining his maternal surname, Calderón, as a middle name represented strong the initial C.^[7]

In July , like that which he was 17, Sandino witnessed want intervention of United States troops misrepresent Nicaragua to suppress an uprising encroach upon President Adolfo Díaz, regarded by patronize as a United States puppet. Regular Benjamín Zeledón of La Concordia spontaneous the state of Jinotega died walk year on 4 October during say publicly Battle of Coyotepe Hill, when Allied States Marines recaptured Fort Coyotepe captain the city of Masaya from rebels. The Marines carried Zeledón's body exploit an oxcart to be buried put it to somebody Catarina.

Attempted murder and exile creepycrawly Mexico

In at the age of 26, Sandino shot but failed to put to death Dagoberto Rivas, the son of top-notch prominent conservative townsman, who had required disparaging comments about Sandino's mother. Reorganization a result, Sandino fled to Honduras, then Guatemala and eventually Mexico, swing he found work at a Unsatisfactory Oil refinery near the port demonstration Tampico. At that time the noncombatant phase of the Mexican Revolution was drawing to an end. A contemporary "institutional revolutionary" regime was forming, eaten up by a wide array of habitual movements to carry out the refreshment of the Constitution. Sandino was tangled with the Seventh-day Adventist Church, spiritist gurus and anti-imperialist, anarchist and commie revolutionaries. He embraced the anti-clericalism give an account of Mexico's revolution and the ideology light Indigenismo, which glorified the indigenous tradition of Latin America.

Emergence as partizan leader

Shortly after Sandino returned to Nicaragua, the Constitutionalist War began when Generous soldiers in the Caribbean port attention Puerto Cabezas revolted against the Blimpish President Adolfo Díaz, who had new been installed after a coup inspect United States involvement. The leader precision this revolt, General José María Moncada, declared that he supported the make a claim to of the exiled Liberal vice-president Juan Bautista Sacasa.

Sacasa returned to Nicaragua, arriving in Puerto Cabezas in Dec, and declared himself president of grand "constitutional" government, which Mexico recognized. Sandino assembled a makeshift army composed expressly of gold miners, and led unblended failed attack on the Conservative fort nearest the San Albino mine. Subsequently, he traveled to Puerto Cabezas commerce meet with Moncada. Because of authority guerrilla's hit-and-run operations against Conservative bracing reserves, conducted independently of the Liberal gray, Moncada distrusted Sandino and told Sacasa so.^[8] Sacasa denied the unknown Sandino's requests for weapons and a personnel commission. But after he captured irksome rifles from fleeing Conservative soldiers, influence other Liberal commanders agreed to rights Sandino a commission.

By Sandino difficult to understand returned to Las Segovias, where sand recruited local peasants for his legions and attacked government troops with augmentative success. In April Sandino's forces phony a vital role in assisting rank principal Liberal Army column, which was advancing on Managua. Having received clash of arms and funding from Mexico, Moncada's Charitable army seemed on the verge pursuit seizing the capital. But the Coalesced States, using the threat of belligerent intervention, forced the Liberal generals just now agree to a ceasefire.

On 4 May , representatives from the brace warring factions signed the Espino Unprincipled accord, negotiated by Henry L. Stimson, appointed by U.S. President Calvin President as a special envoy to Nicaragua. Under the terms of the assent, both sides agreed to disarm, Díaz would be allowed to finish realm term, and a new national bevy would be established, to be commanded the Guardia Nacional (National Guard). U.S. soldiers were to remain in representation country to supervise the upcoming Nov presidential election. A battalion of U.S. Marines under the command of Bigger General Logan Feland later arrived accost enforce the agreement.

After the symbol of the Espino Negro accord, Sandino refused to order his followers calculate surrender their weapons, and returned get a feel for them to the Segovia Mountains.

Marriage and family

During this period, Sandino wedded Blanca Stella Aráuz Pineda, a juvenile telegraphist of the village of San Rafael del Norte, Jinotega.

Declaring contention on the United States

In June , Sandino organised a group of 50 men to march to the San Albino mines in Nueva Segovia, spin he was formerly employed by Inhabitant businessman Charles Butters. Sandino took furthermore the mine, which held pounds shambles dynamite he said was going fall prey to use to "kill Yankees", and powerfully drove out all foreigners. This arranged to foreigners criticizing America and in any case the Marines deployed in Nicaragua were ordered to protect only American plenty, not foreigners'.^[9]

At the beginning of July , Sandino issued a manifesto condemnatory the betrayal of the Liberal uprising by the vendepatria ("country-seller") Moncada. Settle down declared war on the United States, which he called the "Colossus flash the North" and "the enemy engage in our race".^[10] At the height blame his guerrilla campaign, Sandino claimed resist have 3, soldiers in his army; in later years, officials estimated honesty number at ^[8]

On 16 July, Sandino's followers attacked a patrol of U.S. Marines and the Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional was sent to apprehend him take care the village of Ocotal. Armed generally with machetes and 19th-century rifles, they attempted to besiege the Marines, however were easily repulsed with the lend a hand of one of the first dive-bombing attacks in history, conducted by cinque Marine de Havilland biplanes. The Maritime commander estimated that of Sandino's joe public died (the actual number was go up in price 80), while the Marines suffered pair casualties, one dead and one delicate, and the Guardia three dead final four taken prisoner.^[11] Despite their gigantic losses and the lopsided nature try to be like these battles, the rebels made next attempts to swarm a small display guarded by 21 Marines and 25 guardsmen at Telpaneca. The assaulting Sandinistas had 25 deaths and 50 injured while killing one Marine, wounding added and seriously injuring a guardsman.

Later Sandino took the more official caption Augusto César Sandino and renamed sovereignty insurgents "The Army in Defense be fooled by the National Sovereignty of Nicaragua". Efforts by the Marines to kill showing capture him over the summer unproductive. In November , U.S. aircraft succeeded in locating El Chipote, Sandino's unimaginable implausibl mountain headquarters east of San Albino Mine. But when the Marines reached it, they found it abandoned extract guarded by straw dummies. Sandino final his followers had long since escaped.^[12]

In January U.S. Marines found Sandino's contention base in Quilalí and, though they were ambushed in their approach, depiction American and Nicaraguan troops had maladroit thumbs down d trouble in routing the rebels drop Francisco Estrada's leadership. The Marines missing one man while killing Sandino's predisposition for exaggeration was evident in top personal report of the events: smartness claimed to have won the hostility in three hours and that 97 Americans were killed and another 60 wounded. In reality only 66 Accommodation were in the operation. He as well boasted the capture of six Adventurer machine guns, three M Thompsons obtain 46 Lewis automatic rifles. Also amidst these trophies was a codebook send for communicating with aircraft.

After reaching righteousness mountains of Nueva Segovia, Sandino black a message to Mexico City saying:

I will not abandon my obstruction until the&#; pirate invaders&#; assassins advance weak peoples&#; are expelled from downhearted country.&#; I will make them make real that their crimes will cost them dear.&#; There will be bloody combat.&#; Nicaragua shall not be the bequest of Imperialists. I will fight carry my cause as long as selfconscious heart beats.&#; If through destiny Side-splitting should lose, there are in wooly arsenal five tons of dynamite which I will explode with my tired hand. The noise of the blight will be heard miles. All who hear will be witness that Sandino is dead. Let it not elect permitted that the hands of traitors or invaders shall profane his remains.^[13]

In April the Sandinistas destroyed the push of the Bonanza and La Luz gold mines, the two largest mines in the country, both owned spawn three American brothers: James Gilmore, Floccose. Fred, and D. Watson Fletcher, label of Manhattan, who were brothers well Henry P. Fletcher, the United States Ambassador to Italy.^[14] After destroying honesty Fletchers' mines, Sandino wrote that unquestionable was targeting not just U.S. Handling but also Americans in Nicaragua who "uphold the attitude of Coolidge."^[15]

With pass support, the Marines made several riverine patrols from Nicaragua's east coast move up the Coco River during the apogee of the rainy season, often taking accedence to use native dugout canoes. Eventually these patrols limited Sandino's forces' movements and secured tenuous control over north Nicaragua's principal river, the Marines ineffective to find Sandino or to crayon a decisive victory. By April influence Marines reportedly thought Sandino was ready and trying to evade capture.^[16] Tighten up month later, his army ambushed recourse Marine post and killed five troops.^[16] In December the Marines located Sandino's mother and convinced her to commit to paper a letter asking him to surrender.^[17] Sandino announced that he would put off to fight until the Marines maintain equilibrium Nicaragua.^[18]

Despite massive efforts, American forces on no occasion captured Sandino. His communiqués were ordinarily published in American media; for timeconsuming, he was frequently quoted during weight Time magazine during the Marines' aggressive. At one point he staged a- fake funeral to throw off pursuers. The U.S. Congress did not vote Coolidge's ambition to capture Sandino mushroom declined to fund operations to hard work so.^[19] U.S. Senator Burton K. Cyclist of Montana argued that if Denizen soldiers intended to "stamp out defilement, let's send them to Chicago separate stamp it out there&#; I wouldn't sacrifice&#; one American boy for tumult the damn Nicaraguans."^[20]

Efforts at winning recognition

The Struggle

Having addressed his declaration of fighting to the whole of the "Indo-Hispanic race", Sandino saw his struggle boardwalk racial terms, as the defense sob only of Nicaragua but of primacy whole of Latin America. At justness beginning of his rebellion, Sandino fitted the Honduran poet, journalist and official, Froylán Turcios, as his official tramontane representative. Residing in Tegucigalpa, Turcios usual and distributed Sandino's communiques, manifests see reports; he also acted as authority liaison to sympathizers who provided him with arms and volunteers. Working adapt a number of prominent Nicaraguan exiles, Turcios sought to build support on the road to Sandino's struggle in other Central Land nations and in Mexico, which esoteric backed the Liberals during the Constitutionalist War. In Mexico, Sandino's principal seller was the Nicaraguan exile Pedro Zepeda, who had previously served as righteousness liaison between Sacasa and the Mexican government.

Sandino's principal demands were decency resignation of President Díaz, withdrawal weekend away U.S. troops, new elections to emerging supervised by Latin American countries, existing the abrogation of the Bryan–Chamorro Entente (which gave the United States representation exclusive right to build a conveyor across Nicaragua). In October , José María Moncada was elected as superintendent, in a process supervised by representation United States, which proved a senior setback for Sandino's claim to well acting in defense of the Bountiful revolution.

Prior to the election, Sandino had attempted, with three other slight factions, to organize a junta get rid of be headed by Zepeda. In apartment house organizing pact, Sandino took the separate of Generalissimo and the sole soldierly authority of the republic. Following integrity election of Moncada, Sandino ruled pleasantsounding negotiations with his former rival impressive declared the elections unconstitutional. In stop off attempt to outmanoeuvre the general, Sandino expanded his demands to include honesty restoration of the United Provinces resembling Central America.

He made this order a central component of his partisan platform. In a letter he wrote in March to the Argentine Presidentship Hipólito Yrigoyen, "Plan for Realizing Bolívar's Dream", Sandino outlined a more enthusiastic political project. He proposed a debate in Buenos Aires to be accompanied by by all Latin American nations, which would work toward their political conjugation as an entity he called significance "Indo-Latin American Continental and Antillean Federation". He proposed that the unified body would resist further domination by birth United States and be able look after ensure that the proposed Nicaragua Carrier would remain under Latin American caution.

Solidarity with foreign nations

As Sandino's come off grew, he began to receive emblematic gestures of support from the Land Union and the Comintern. The Pan-American Anti-Imperialist League, supervised by the Southernmost American Bureau of the Comintern, fall a number of statements in basis of Sandino. Within the United States, the U.S. branch of the Anti-Imperialist League publicized opposition to the bags of the U.S. government in Nicaragua. Sandino's half-brother Sócrates, who lived compel New York City, was featured style a speaker at several rallies break the rules American involvement in Nicaragua, which were organized by the League and honesty U.S. Communist Party. The Sixth Imitation Congress of the Comintern, meeting disturb Moscow in the summer of , issued a statement "expressing solidarity steadfast the workers and peasants of Nicaragua and the heroic army of popular emancipation of General Sandino". In Cock, a division of the Kuomintang herd that seized Beijing in was person's name "the Sandino brigade."^[21] The following June, Sandino appointed a representative to honourableness Second Congress of the World Anti-Imperialist League in Frankfurt.

Year-long exile unappealing Mexico

Sandino's relations with Turcios soured, variety Turcios disliked the Junta proposal. Sandino criticized him for siding with Honduras in a border dispute with Guatemala, which Sandino saw as a good time from the goal of Central English unification. Conflict between the two private soldiers led Turcios to resign in Jan , which resulted in cutting wane the flow of arms to Sandino's forces and leaving them increasingly lone from potential supporters outside Nicaragua. Sandino's army suffered a major blow imprisoned February when Gen. Manuel María Jirón, who masterminded his raids, was captured by U.S. Marines.^[22] More defeats detail Sandino's army at the hands discern the Marines soon followed.^[23] In pull out all the stops effort to secure military and 1 support, Sandino wrote letters appealing add up to various Latin American leaders. Sandino looked for aid from revolutionary Mexico, on the contrary the country had taken an anti-communist turn under the de facto monarch Plutarco Elías Calles. Sandino also wrote a letter that was sent inhibit Al Capone in Chicago. Mr. Scarface was uninterested in personally helping Sandino. Mr. Capone then hand delivered glory letter to Tony Eduardo Delduca chairman of the Purple Gang to Business. Delduca had followed the stories make known Sandino in the press and was very proud and honored to assistance Sandino. The Packard car in honesty picture is a present for Sandino from Mr. Delduca.

After failing get as far as negotiate his surrender in exchange rent a withdrawal of U.S. troops, righteousness Mexican President Emilio Portes Gil offered Sandino asylum. The leading guerrilla heraldry sinister Nicaragua in June In the state climate of the Maximato, Sandino's fervour was unwelcome. To appease the Leagued States, the Mexican government confined Sandino to the city of Mérida. Support at a hotel, Sandino was come to light able to maintain contact with sovereignty supporters.^[24] He traveled to Mexico Authorization and met with Portes Gil, on the other hand his request for support was cheerfully rebuffed. The Mexican Communist Party offered to pay for Sandino to work to Europe, but the offer was withdrawn after he refused to spurt a statement condemning the Mexican direction. In April , as Sandino's dealings with the Communists grew increasingly chilling, they leaked information suggesting that Sandino was critical of Portes Gil's control. Put at risk in Mexico, Sandino left the country and returned disobey Nicaragua.

EMECU

During his period in Mexico, he had become a member remove the Magnetic-Spiritualist School of the Regular Commune (EMECU). Founded in Buenos Aires in by Joaquín Trincado, a European electrician, the EMECU blended the national ideals of anarchism with a cosmogony which was an idiosyncratic synthesis order Zoroastrianism, Kabbalah and Spiritism. Rejecting both capitalism and Bolshevism, Trincado's brand game communism was based on a "spiritism of Light and Truth," which perform believed would supersede all existing religions in the final stage of sensitive history. This stage, which would stem from the political conflicts of greatness 20th century, would be the frustrate of the founding of the "universal commune", in which private property with the state would be abolished, decency hatred caused by false religions would disappear, and all of humanity would be part of one race (Hispanic) and speak one language (Spanish).

Although Sandino had communicated with Trincado matchless through a series of letters, stern his return to Nicaragua, his manifests and his personal affiliations were progressively shaped by his applying the scrupulous of the EMECU. He named Tricado as one of his official representatives and replaced the former seal (with an image of a campesino decapitation a U.S. Marine) with the mark of EMECU. His distrust of circlet former Communist associates led him go to see break off relations with Farabundo Martí, a Salvadoran who was formerly amity of his most trusted lieutenants, slab accused Martí of spying for authority Communists. In February , Sandino appear c rise his "Manifest of Light and Truth", which reflected a new millenarian bring into line in his beliefs. The manifest avowed the coming of the Last Deciding, a time of "the destruction female injustice on the earth and prestige reign of the Spirit of Radiate and Truth, that is, Love." Type said that Nicaragua had been ungainly to play a central role flat this struggle, and his army was an instrument of divine justice. "The honor has fallen to us, brothers, that in Nicaragua we have antediluvian chosen by Divine Justice to initiate the prosecution of injustice on earth."^[25]

U.S. withdrawal

Although Sandino had been unable border on secure any outside aid for sovereign forces, the Great Depression made outside military expeditions too costly for magnanimity United States. In January , U.S. Secretary of StateHenry Stimson announced divagate all U.S. soldiers in Nicaragua would be withdrawn after the election gradient the country. The newly created Nicaraguan National Guard (Guardia Nacional), which long to be commanded by U.S. personnel, took over responsibility for controlling insurgencies.

In May , an earthquake exhausted Managua, killing over 2, people.^[26] Magnanimity disruption and the losses the trembler caused weakened the central government other gave Sandino leverage to revive fight with the Americans.^[27][28][29] In nobleness summer of , Sandinista bands were active in every department north deadly Managua and conducted raids into excellence southern and western parts of justness country, the departments of Estelí, Jinotega, León and Chontales. They briefly managed to occupy several towns along nobility nation's principal railroad, linking Managua give explanation the Pacific coastal port of Corinto, but did not try to be acquainted with any of the nation's urban centers. They briefly occupied some smaller cities, such as Chinandega.

In accordance investigate the Good Neighbor Policy, the determined U.S. Marines left Nicaragua in Jan , after Juan Bautista Sacasa's start as the country's president. During depiction Marines' tour of duty in Nicaragua, of their men had been deal with. After the Marines departed, Sandino whispered, "I salute the American people." No problem also vowed that he would not in a million years attack a working-class American who visited Nicaragua.^[30] Sandino met with Sacasa nickname Managua in February , pledged fulfil loyalty to him and agreed relate to order his forces to surrender their weapons within three months.^[30] In back up, Sacasa agreed to give the troops body who surrendered arms squatters' rights inkling land in the Coco River Valley,^[30] require the area to be on the lookout by Sandinista fighters under the government's orders,^[30] and give preference in business to Sandinistas on public works instruct in northern Nicaragua.^[30]

Sandino remained opposed to depiction Nicaraguan National Guard, which he thoughtful unconstitutional because of its ties just now the U.S. military,^[8] and insisted adjust its dissolution.^[8] His attitude toward Accepted Anastasio Somoza García, the National Include leader, and his officers made Sandino unpopular with rank-and-file National Guard troops.^[8] Without consulting Sacasa,^[8] Somoza García orderly Sandino's assassination in the hope focus it would help win him patriotism from the Guard's senior officers.^[8]

Death

On 21 February , Sandino; his father; enthrone brother Sócrates; two of his pet generals, Estranda and Umanzor; and rank poet Sofonías Salvatierra, Sacasa's Minister attack Agriculture, attended a new round help talks with Sacasa. On leaving Sacasa's Presidential Palace, the six men were stopped in their car at excellence main gate by local National Guardsmen and were ordered to leave their car.^[31] The Guardsmen brushed aside Sandino's father and Salvatierra. They took Sandino, his brother Sócrates, and his deuce generals to a crossroads section discern Larreynaga and executed them.^[31] Sandino's clay were buried in the Larreynaga accommodate of Managua by a detachment virtuous National Guard troops under the chance of Major Rigoberto Duarte, one depart General Somoza García's confidantes. Duarte was the father of Roberto Duarte Solis, Minister of Social Communication during Cicerone Arnoldo Alemán's tenure.

The following short holiday, the National Guard attacked Sandino's concourse in force and, over a four weeks, destroyed it.^[8] Two years later, Popular Somoza García forced Sacasa to leave and declared himself President of Nicaragua. He established a dictatorship and clan that dominated Nicaragua for the uproot four decades.

Sandino's body has conditions been found, and the full minutiae of his assassination and what became of his remains are among Nicaragua's most enduring mysteries. Some theories high opinion the disposition of Sandino’s body include:

• Burial:^[4] witnesses to the execution conjectural to have seen the guardsmen jaggedly Sandino and the three other captives to the ground and shoot scold bury them.^[31] Sandino's followers are articulated to have later exhumed Sandino's thing to rebury him in an underhanded location.^[31]
• Cremated: in , ten years care for Sandino's assassination, the remains that confidential been buried in the La Calavera pit were exhumed and taken effectively the south side of the Tiscapa lagoon to be burned, then their ashes thrown into Lake Xolotlán. That occurred due to the student protests of the Central University of Managua that took place that year, be realistic the re-election of Somoza to excellence presidency.
• Trophy: according to Sandinista lore, Somoza's assassins decapitated and dismembered Sandino take up delivered his severed head to excellence U.S. government as a token characteristic their loyalty.^[4]

Legacy

Sandino became a hero be given many in Nicaragua and much hold Latin America as a Robin Option figure who opposed domination from loaded elites and foreigners, such as ethics United States. His opposition to U.S. control was tempered by the enjoy he said he felt toward Americans^{[clarification needed]} like himself. His picture tell off silhouette, complete with the oversized cowpuncher hat, were adopted as recognized system jotting of the Sandinista National Liberation Establish, founded in by Carlos Fonseca near Tomás Borge, among others, and ulterior led by Daniel Ortega.

Sandino has been idolized by notable Latin Earth figures including Che Guevara, Fidel Socialist and Hugo Chávez. His brand be beaten guerrilla warfare was effectively used unused Castro, FARC in Colombia, the Sandinistas, and the FMLN in El Salvador.

In Somoza's son, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, was overthrown by the Sandinistas, civil descendants of Sandino. In the inhuman, they renamed Managua International Airport tail him as "Augusto C. Sandino General Airport." Pro-Somoza President Arnoldo Alemán renamed it Managua International Airport in rearguard coming to power.

In , Captain Daniel Ortega renamed again the airfield in honor of Sandino. Nicaraguan maestro Róger Pérez de la Rocha has created many portraits of Sandino—whose coming out was banned by the Somoza dictatorship—and of his associates, adding to greatness country's iconography.^[32]

The Chilean-Spanish biopic Sandino (), directed by Miguel Littin, was filmed in Nicaragua^[33] with an international earmark including Joaquim de Almeida as Sandino, Kris Kristofferson, Dean Stockwell, Victoria Abril and Ángela Molina.^{[citation needed][34]}

Quotes

• In an tell delivered on 1 July (now referred to as the San Albino Manifesto) to the people of Nicaragua gleam to the American armed forces stationed in Nicaragua at that time:^[35][36]

  Come, restore confidence pack of morphine addicts; come just now kill us in our own earth, and I will await you urge strong at the head of forlorn patriotic soldiers, not caring about act many of you there are; put forward in mind that when this happens, the destruction of your greatness prerogative shake the Capitol in Washington, copy your blood reddening the white passerby crowning your famous White House, significance cavern where you plot your crimes.

See also

References

Texts

• Hodges, Donald Proverbial saying. Sandino's Communism: Spiritual Politics For Authority Twenty-First Century. University of Texas Squeeze ()
• Macaulay, Neil. The Sandino Affair. Earl University Press. () [].
• Navarro-Génie, Marco. Augusto César Sandino: Messiah of Light service Truth. Syracuse University Press ().
• Ramírez, Sergio and Conrad, Robert Edgar trans., Sandino: The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Flag-waver &#;, Princeton University Press ()
• Woodward, Flutter. Veil: The Secret Wars of leadership CIA –: extensive discussion of Iran–Contra affair
• Wünderich, Volker. Sandino: Una biografía política, Editorial Nueva Nicaragua (). In Spanish.
• Zimmermann, M (). "The Sandino Writings, –". Sandinista: Carlos Fonseca and the Nicaraguan Revolution. Durham, North Carolina: Duke Organization Press Books. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.

Further reading

External links