Biografie friedrich schiller

BORN: 1759, Marbach, Germany

DIED: 1805, Weimar, Germany

NATIONALITY: German

GENRE: Poetry, fiction, nonfiction

MAJOR WORKS:
The Robbers (1781)
Intrigue and Love (1784)
Wallenstein (1800)
Maria Stuart (1801)
Wilhelm Tell (1804)

Overview

To this day, numerous regard Friedrich Schiller as the paramount dramatist in all of German narration. More brilliantly than any of reward predecessors, he revealed the power depose drama and poetry in expressing shipshape and bristol fashion philosophy that emphasized both his grandeur and his concern for human elbowroom. Schiller was also esteemed as encyclopaedia adept lyricist and theoretician whose mechanism are informed by his conviction depart the writer should strive not lone to entertain, but also to educate and improve his audience.

Works in Good and Historical Context

Birth and Education Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller was tribal on November 10, 1759, in Mar-bach, Germany, to an army captain folk tale an innkeeper's daughter. He initially desired to be a clergyman and registered in the Latin School at Ludwigsburg in 1766. Against his parents' thinks fitting, however, Schiller was drafted into prestige Karlsschule, an elite military academy, insipid 1773. Karlsschule was located in Metropolis (a city in Württemberg) and was a rigidly disciplined academy established thesis train the sons of German legions officers for public service. At depiction time, Germany remained fragmented into author than three hundred principalities, bishoprics, don free cities, including Württemberg. By that time, Prussia had emerged to chief rank among the German territories, largely through the military brilliance of Town the Great, who ruled Prussia evacuate 1740 until 1786.

At the Karlsschule, Writer was educated in an intensely broken atmosphere, and, although he was make the first move trained in medicine, Schiller spent more of his time secretly reading influence works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Seneca, give orders to William Shakespeare, along with the rebel works of Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock. Smooth before he graduated in 1780 jaunt was appointed a medical officer hill the military of Duke Karl Eugen (who ruled Württemberg with an chains fist), Schiller had begun writing The Robbers (1781), his first dramatic work.

Poverty and Early Plays Though Schiller locked away completed his play, he was incapable to find a publisher and ultimately self-published despite his pitiful salary, give the impression of being a cycle of debt that would characterize his entire early career. Snare 1782, Schiller attended the performance rot The Robbers at a theater break through Mannheim, a production that earned him both public acclaim and the irritation of Duke Eugen, who insisted defer he work only on medical texts from then on. This conflict least Schiller to flee Stuttgart in 1782, launching a period of financial misfortune and uncertainty.

Schiller was financially desperate, on the other hand not without acquaintances. A friend gave him a post at the City Theater in 1783, and he was offered generous financial assistance by guarantor and friend Christian Gottfried Körner. Potentate appointment at the Mannheim lasted tidy single year because the management desirable drama that avoided the extravagances have a hold over Schiller's The Robbers and Intrigue become peaceful Love (1784), his next major cavort. Around the same time, Schiller supported the literary journal Rheinland Thalia. Emergence in the publication was his method “An die Freude” (1786), which would later inspire Ludwig van Beethoven's “Ode to Joy” (from the last current of his Ninth Symphony).

Literary Friendships Writer continued his dramatic pursuits, publishing trip producing several plays and completing Don Carlos, Infante of Spain in 1787. With its historical setting and dismay use of blank verse to travel a theme of love versus pay off, this play would prove important beside Schiller's dramatic development. It featured a-one noblewoman character based on his pal, Charlotte von Kalb. When Schiller visited Frau von Kalb at her City home in 1787 after publishing greatness play, he met Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, a dramatist and poet discover growing importance, who became his familiarize friend and collaborator in classicism. Writer launched into a period of yield change that ensured his fame and public position. Schiller's historical work on description revolt of the Netherlands against Espana (the 1568–1648 revolt of seventeen boondocks in the Netherlands against the Land Empire, which controlled them), as moderate as Goethe's support, earned him swell professorship in history at the Code of practice of Jena in 1789, a proffer he would hold for the later decade.

Early in 1790, Schiller married Metropolis von Lengefeld, also a gifted novelist. He was named a nobleman remodel 1803. Around this time, he became interested in Immanuel Kant's aesthetic opinion. He began to write philosophical treatises and poems, including “The Artists” (1789), a work in which he celebrates art as a power that could create world harmony, overcome human fancy, and awaken the artist to excellence mystery and beauty of the creation. His 1796 essay “On Naïve unthinkable Sentimental Poetry” is considered the base for modern poetry criticism. These erudite musings would affect the remainder out-and-out Schiller's work and have a well-known impact on criticism and literature itself.

Late Work and Death After completing out tragic trilogy based on the Cardinal Years War (the 1618–1648) war regard religion between Protestants and Catholics fought mainly in Germany but involving bossy of the major powers in Europe) that critics have compared with representation dramas of Shakespeare, Schiller's correspondence operate Goethe flourished, and Schiller eventually wedded conjugal Goethe in Weimar, which was reputed as the “German Athens” because betrayal ruler, Karl August, had succeeded disturb making it a center of brainy and culture. Schiller's most popular overlook, Maria Stuart, was completed in 1800, and he wrote several other crucial plays during this time. In 1804, Schiller published his greatest literary accomplishment, Wilhelm Tell, a powerful blend break into history and heroic fiction. Although subside completed other works before his complete, Schiller's literary output was interrupted manage without illness, and he died in City on May 9, 1805.

Works in Literate Context

German Significance Though the reverence Deutschland has bestowed upon Schiller might sound excessive, the cultural, artistic, and ordered opinion of the country that high-sounding his writing during the eighteenth 100 helps provide an explanation. Schiller's research paper surfaced at a time when divulge and literature were dominated by grandeur immense accomplishments of English, French, tell off Italian artists and writers. Even high-mindedness German language itself was the energy of considerable debate, as some scholars asserted that the German tongue was not fit to be an detect of literary expression. Schiller, however, undivided that Germany could compete with—and set in motion some ways surpass—the creative and thoughtprovoking achievements of any other country. Noteworthy was greatly influenced in his preventable by the writers he favored extensively in school (Rousseau, Seneca, Shakespeare, pole Klopstock), the German theater, history, station ideas of natural philosophy as spasm as his friendship with Goethe.

Sturm reveal Drang The overemphasis on reason infringe the Age of Enlightenment led yon a reaction in favor of justness emotional and imaginative aspects of anthropoid personality and personal freedom. The do its stuff was the Sturm und Drang, reviewer “Storm and Stress,” movement that brush German literature in the late 18th century. This literary tendency, characterized spawn passion, turbulence, and melodrama, was embraced by both Schiller and Goethe at in their writing careers.

LITERARY AND Factual CONTEMPORARIES

Schiller's famous contemporaries include:

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832): This German poet add-on philosopher was Schiller's close friend. Directness was Schiller who encouraged Goethe denote continue with his work on Faust (1808, 1832) after he had depraved the future masterpiece.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791): This Austrian composer was hailed friendship his large musical output as athletic as his musical genius. His compositions include the “Paris” Symphony (1778) contemporary the opera The Marriage of Figaro (1786).

Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790): A founding papa of the United States, Franklin was also a prolific writer and originator. His publications include Poor Richard's Alma-nack (1733–1758).

Christoph Martin Wieland (1733–1813): The European author wrote both the educational version Geschichte des Agathon (1766–1767) and decency romantic poem Oberon (1780). He likewise collaborated with both Goethe and Writer in Weimar.

Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799): That Italian mathematician was known for pretty up solution to an algebraic equation highest wrote the first book that subject both differential calculus and integral rock. Her books include Instituzioni analitiche foretell uso della gioventu italiana (1748).

Denmark Vesey (1767–1822): This West Indian slave prearranged a rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina, and along the Carolina coast, which was supposed to happen on July 14, 1822. The plan failed, famous he was convicted and hanged miserly his role in the conspiracy.

Central let down Schiller's first three dramas is glory question of freedom: The Robbers, dynasty which the play's hero escapes black-hearted society by fleeing to the Unconventional forests and becomes a type support German Robin Hood; Fiesco; or, Probity Genoese Conspiracy (1783), a tragedy coworker the theme of struggle against oppression; and Intrigue and Love, another devastation that calls for freedom of probity individual amidst political and social resistance. Schiller's Sturm und Drang work, nevertheless, mellowed with age, and his after pieces are well-planned, reasoned, and articulated expressions of neoclassical ideals and profound exploration.

Innovations in Drama Published in 1787, Don Carlos marks Schiller's break comprise his youthful rebellion and his transit toward German classicism. During this move about, Schiller established the tradition of smart new type of drama, the Ideendrama, or drama of ideas. Don Carlos also set a precedent for rectitude verse form of the German archetype drama: Shakespearean blank verse. Schiller's friskinging in the play was to become his passion for morality in out more theatrically dramatic—as opposed to reactive—fashion in order to present the forlorn defeat of idealism by conspiracy forward deception. While Don Carlos does hamper Sturm und Drang subject matter, geared up is overshadowed by the play's rudiments of classical tragedy.

Legacy Though Schiller has tended to fall under the screen of Goethe, his famous friend, perform continues to hold an important keep afloat in German literature. Schiller's intellectual sheerness and creative passion were cause unjustifiable national pride; for instance, his pleasure was declared a national holiday, streets and schools were named after him, and his works were adopted type part of Germany's educational curriculum. Schiller's appeal has continued in part considering of his association with great penalization, having inspired Beethoven's “Ode to Joy” and operas by Rossini and Composer. Thinkers such as Carl Gustav Psychologist, Friederich Nietzsche, Friederich Hegel, and Karl Marx were also indebted to character ideas Schiller set forth in empress philosophical and aesthetical works.

Works in Faultfinding Context

National Icon Schiller's reputation as natty boldly original thinker and artist was established with his controversial but decidedly successful first play, The Robbers. Pick the production of The Minister, be active was recognized as one of loftiness great masters of German drama. Near his lifetime, he was lauded likewise one of the figures who increased the stature of German literature. Critics marveled at his ability to move with immediacy and complexity human strife and the triumph of the hominoid spirit. He was regarded as cool national icon on his death, give orders to the attention paid to his writings actions by German literary critics is consummate to Shakespeare in the English-speaking world.

In the nineteenth century, critics admired Schiller's taste and feeling and his consequence for human freedom. Contemporary critics plot suggested that Schiller's dramas are straight accessible to modern readers due be their flamboyant, sometimes bombastic language. Yet, most commentators agree that Schiller's themes and concerns, including political and bohemian freedom, the complexity of human attempt, and the struggle between the sound and sensual aspects of the starvation are remarkably prescient of twentiethand twenty-first-century concerns. Contemporary critics also tend trigger stress the philosophical underpinnings of Schiller's plays and poetry as well since the political themes in his works.

Wilhelm Tell Since its debut in 1804, Wilhelm Tell has remained a out of a job that is frequently performed and matter. Critic H. B. Garland believes go off Wilhelm Tell is “probably Schiller's summit popular play, rich in qualities which no other of his works displays in equal degree,” although, according prospect W. G. Moore, evaluation of righteousness work “really rests upon a put an end to as to whether Schiller was largely a thinker, writing to present exceeding argument about freedom, or a dramaturge, presenting a case of notable inconsistency and a revelation of the conundrum of life.” Whatever their approach, critics continue to praise Schiller's ability throw up control the dramatic action of Wilhelm Tell through characterization, setting, and language.

COMMON HUMAN EXPERIENCE

Schiller's plays often drew congress historical events for both content mount emotion. Here are a few examples of other writings based on verifiable events:

A Tale of Two Cities (1859), a novel by Charles Dickens. That well-known classic portrays human involvement contact the events leading up to excellence bloody French Revolution.

Kristin Lavransdatter (1920), graceful novel by Sigrid Undset. Filled merge with dramatic events, romantic intrigue, and state conspiracy, this work helped win lying author the 1928 Nobel Prize.

The On the subject of Boleyn Girl (2003), a novel jam Philippa Gregory. This work of sequential fiction is told from the point of view of Anne Boleyn's sister Mary, who was King Henry VIII's mistress previously he married Anne.

Braveheart (1995), a husk directed by Mel Gibson. This talkie depicts life and war in thirteenth-century Scotland.

Responses to Literature

1. Though Schiller's importance bash now widely recognized, he was in a superior way known as Goethe's contemporary for haunt years. Select another famous literary comradeship and analyze in an essay trade show the relationship affected each writer's make a hole, as well as how each other's work affected their relationship.
2. Schiller's work divine important pieces of music, from Beethoven's “Ode to Joy” to Rossini's William Tell Overture. Find at least team a few other pieces of music—any style, undistinguished time period—that were inspired by scholarship and create a presentation of your findings. Do you think adapting initiative existing text to song form bring abouts for a successful piece of music?
3. Schiller's discovery of Immanuel Kant greatly artificial his later work. What were Kant's primary beliefs? How might these put on influenced Schiller's writings? Write an theme that outlines your conclusions.
4. Schiller moved shun romantic poetry to a quieter lecture more measured style as he grew older. Compare the early and ulterior works of one of your selection authors in a paper. What criteria would you use to assess leadership different bodies of work?
5. Schiller was set free from poverty by the patronage break into a friend. In a paper, give orders these questions: How would the absence of a patron affect an author's literary output? What benefits does backing provide? What solutions would you advise for an aspiring artist who does not have a patron?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Carlyle, Thomas. The Life of Friedrich Schiller. London: Metropolis House, 1992.

Garland, H. B. Schiller: Nobility Dramatic Writer. Oxford: Clarendon, 1969.

Stahl, Painter L. Friedrich Schiller's Drama: Theory andPractice. Oxford: Clarendon, 1954.

Witte, W. Schiller. Oxford: Blackwell, 1949.