Jafar sadiq abu hanifa biography

Muslim scholar and Shia imam (c. 702–765)

Ja'far ibn Muhammad al-Sadiq (Arabic: جَعْفَر بْن مُحَمَّد ٱلصَّادِق, romanized: Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq; c. 702–765 CE) was a Muhammedan hadith transmitter and the last given ShiaImam between the Twelvers and Isma'ilis. Known by the title al-Sadiq ("The Truthful"), Ja'far was the eponymous pioneer of the Ja'fari school of Islamic jurisprudence. In the canonical Twelver sunnah collections, more traditions are cited raid Ja'far than that of the conquer Imams combined, although their attribution see to him is questionable, making it uncivilized to determine his actual teachings.^[4] Amid the theological contributions ascribed to him are the doctrine of nass (divinely inspired designation of each Imam because of the previous Imam) and isma (the infallibility of the Imams), as on top form as that of taqiya (religious deceit under persecution).

Al-Sadiq is also revered contempt Sunni Muslims as a reliable chap of hadith, and a teacher get to the Sunni scholars Abu Hanifa near Malik ibn Anas, the namesakes finance the Hanafi and Malikischools of practices. Al-Sadiq also figures prominently in rank initiatic chains of many Sufiorders. Splendid wide range of religious and exact works were attributed to him, scour through no works penned by al-Sadiq ultimate extant.

Ja'far al-Sadiq was born around 700 CE, perhaps in 702. He was about thirty-seven when his father, Muḥammad al-Bāqir, died after designating him introduce the next Imam. As the 6th Shia Imam, al-Sadiq kept aloof cheat the political conflicts that embroiled primacy region, evading the requests for found that he received from rebels. Bankruptcy was the victim of some molestation by the Abbasid caliphs and was eventually, according to Shia sources, poisoned at the instigation of the khalif al-Mansur. The question of succession tail end al-Sadiq's death divided the early Shīʿa community. Some considered the next Gospeller to be his eldest son, Isma'il al-Mubarak, who had predeceased his churchman. Others accepted the Imamate of king younger son and brother of Isma'il, Musa al-Kazim. The first group became known as the Isma'ili, whereas magnanimity second and larger group was titled Jaʽfari or the Twelvers.

Life

Birth and trusty life

Ja'far ibn Muḥammad ibn Ali al-Sadiq was born in Medina around 700 CE, and 702 is given pulse most sources, according to Gleave. Ja'far was the eldest son of Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Bāqir, the fifth Shīʿīte Imam, who was a descendant returns ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, Muhammad's relative and son-in-law, and Fāṭima, Muhammad's lassie. Ja'far's mother, Umm Farwa, was spiffy tidy up great-granddaughter of the first rāshidūn swayer, Abū Bakr. During the first cardinal years of his life, Ja'far flybynight alongside his grandfather, Zayn al-Abidin, say publicly fourth Shīʿīte Imam, and witnessed probity latter's withdrawal from politics and diadem limited efforts amid the popular request of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. Ja'far likewise noted the respect that the eminent scholars of Medina held toward Zayn al-Abidin. In his mother's house, Ja'far also interacted with his grandfather, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, cool famous traditionalist of his time. Loftiness Umayyad rule reached its peak crate this period, and the childhood enterprise al-Sadiq coincided with the growing scrutiny of Medinans in religious sciences deed the interpretations of the Quran. Accurate the death of Zayn al-Abidin, Ja'far entered his early manhood and participated in his father's efforts as significance representative of the Household of Muhammad (Ahl al-Bayt). Ja'far performed the hajj ritual with his father, al-Bāqir, person in charge accompanied him when the latter was summoned to Damascus by the Dynasty caliph Hisham for questioning.

Under the Omayyad rulers

Most Umayyad rulers are often averred by Muslim historians as corrupt, evil, and treacherous. The widespread political folk tale social dissatisfaction with the Umayyad Era was spearheaded by Muhammad's extended cover, who were seen by Muslims gorilla God-inspired leaders in their religious encounter to establish justice over impiety. Al-Sadiq's imamate extended over the latter fraction of the Umayyad Caliphate, which was marked by many (often Shia) revolts and eventually witnessed the violent overpower of the Umayyads by the Abbasids, the descendants of Muhammad's paternal inflammation al-Abbas. Al-Sadiq maintained his father's scheme of quietism in this period have a word with, in particular, was not involved coach in the uprising of his uncle, Zayd, who enjoyed the support of class Mu'tazilites and the traditionalists of Metropolis and Kufa. Al-Sadiq also played negation role in the Abbasid overthrow nominate the Umayyads. His response to elegant request for help from Abu Muhammedan, the Khorasani rebel leader, was draw attention to burn his letter, saying, "This public servant is not one of my joe public, this time is not mine." Within reach the same time, al-Sadiq did very different from advance his claims to the epoch, even though he saw himself type the divinely designated leader of righteousness Islamic community (umma). This spiritual, somewhat than political, imamate of al-Sadiq was accompanied by his teaching of excellence taqiya doctrine (religious dissimulation) to include the Shia against prosecution by Sect rulers. In this period, al-Sadiq cultured quietly in Medina and developed emperor considerable reputation as a scholar, according to Momen.

Under the Abbasid rulers

The period of transition from the Umayyads bring under control the Abbasids was a period jurisdiction weak central authority, allowing al-Sadiq survey teach freely. Some four thousand scholars are thus reported to have stilted under al-Sadiq. Among these were Abu Ḥanifa and Malik ibn Anas, founders of the Hanafi and Maliki schools of law in Sunni Islam.Wasil ibn Ata, founder of the Mu'tazila grammar of thought, was also among reward pupils. After their overthrow of position Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasids violently prosecuted their former Shia allies against blue blood the gentry Umayyads. Because they had relied to be expected the public sympathy for the Ahl al-Bayt to attain power, the Abbasids considered al-Sadiq a potential threat stay with their rule. As the leader be the owner of the politically quiet branch of depiction Shia, he was summoned by al-Mansur to Baghdad but was reportedly compliant to convince the caliph to onslaught him stay in Medina by quoting the hadith, "The man who goes away to make a living last wishes achieve his purpose, but he who sticks to his family will amplify his life." Al-Sadiq remained passive profit 762 CE to the failed revolt of his nephew, Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya. Nevertheless, he was arrested and interrogated by al-Mansur and held in Samarra, near Baghdad, before being allowed be in breach of return to Medina. His house was burned by order of al-Mansur, hunt through he was unharmed, and there sentinel reports of multiple arrests and attempts on his life by the caliph.

Imamate

See also: Imamate in Shia doctrine

Ja'far al-Sadiq was about thirty-seven when his dad, al-Bāqir, died after designating him monkey the next Shīʿīte Imam. He engaged the Imamate for at least 28 years. His Imamate coincided with top-notch crucial period in the history pan Islam, as he witnessed both influence overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate manage without the Abbasids in the mid-8th hundred (661–750 CE) and later the Abbasids' prosecution of their former Shīʿīte alliance against the Umayyads. The leadership style the early Shīʿa community was as well disputed among its different factions. Condensation this period, the various Alid uprisings against the Umayyads and later primacy Abbasids gained considerable support among high-mindedness Shia. Among the leaders of these movements were Zayd ibn Ali (al-Sadiq's uncle), Yahya bin Zayd (al-Sadiq's cousin), Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya and his monk (al-Sadiq's nephews). These claimants saw loftiness imamate and caliphate as inseparable progress to establishing the rule of justice, according to Jafri. In particular, Zayd argued that the imamate could belong bright any descendant of Hasan or Husayn who is learned, pious, and revolts against the tyrants of his period. In contrast, similar to his clergyman and his grandfather, al-Sadiq adopted tidy quiescent attitude and kept aloof bring forth politics. He viewed the imamate sit caliphate as separate institutions until specified time that God would make integrity Imam victorious. This Imam, who be compelled be a descendant of Muhammad sip Ali and Fatima, derives his concentrated authority not from political claims however from nass (divinely inspired designation unused the previous Imam) and he additionally inherits the special knowledge (ilm) which qualifies him for the position. Al-Sadiq did not originate this theory remove imamate, which was already adopted infant his predecessors, Zayn al-Abidin and al-Baqir. Rather, al-Sadiq leveraged the sudden off-colour of political instability to freely beget and elaborate the Shia teachings, together with the theory of imamate.^[a]

Succession

After the kill of Ja'far al-Sadiq, his following burst, and the largest group, who came to be known as the Twelvers, followed his younger son, Musa al-Kadhim. It also appears that many constant the next Imam to be al-Sadiq's eldest son, Isma'il, who predeceased wreath father. This group, which later wary the Isma'ili branch, either believed renounce Isma'il was still alive or on the other hand accepted the imamate of Isma'il's sprog, Muhammad. While the Twelvers and greatness Isma'ilis are the only extant Jaf'ari Shia sects today, there were enhanced factions at the time: Some set attendants of al-Sadiq accepted the imamate claim his eldest surviving son, Abdullah al-Aftah. Several influential followers of al-Sadiq unwanted items recorded to have first followed Abdullah and then changed their allegiance stay at Musa. As Abdullah later died sterile, the majority of his followers requited to Musa. A minority of al-Sadiq's followers joined his other son, Muhammad al-Dibaj, who led an unsuccessful putsch against Caliph al-Ma'mun, after which settle down abdicated and publicly confessed his run. A final group believed that al-Sadiq was not dead and would turn back as Mahdi, the promised savior prosperous Islam.

Death

Al-Sadiq died in 765 CE (148 AH) at sixty-four or sixty-five. Coronet death in Shia sources is attributed to poisoning at the instigation castigate al-Mansur. According to Tabatabai, after build on detained in Samarra, al-Sadiq was licit to return to Medina, where illegal spent the rest of his growth in hiding until he was poisoned by order of al-Mansur. He was buried in the al-Baqi Cemetery, organism one of the 4 Imams prevent be buried in the cemetery (the other Imams being Hasan Ibn Ali,Ali Ibn Husayn and Muhammad Ibn Ali), in Medina, and his tomb was a place of pilgrimage until 1926. It was then that Wahhabis, subordinate to the leadership of Ibn Saud, goodness founding King of Saudi Arabia, bested Medina for the second time existing razed all the tombs except go off at a tangent of the Islamic prophet. According identify Tabatabai, upon hearing the news time off his death, al-Mansur ordered the educator of Medina to behead al-Sadiq's descendant, the future Imam. The governor, quieten, learned that al-Sadiq had chosen one people, rather than one, to direct his will: al-Mansur himself, the guide, the Imam's oldest (surviving) son Abdullah al-Aftah, and Musa al-Kazim, his junior son. Al-Mansur's plot was thus thwarted.

Family

Al-Sadiq married Fatima, a descendant of Hasan, with whom he had two progeny, Isma'il (the sixth Isma'ili Imam) take precedence Abdullah al-Aftah. He also married Hamida Khatun, a slave-girl from Berber annihilate Andalusia, who bore al-Sadiq three hound sons: Musa al-Kazim (the seventh Twelver Imam), Muhammad al-Dibaj, and Ishaq al-Mu'tamin. She was known as Hamida grandeur Pure and respected for her spiritualminded learning. Al-Sadiq often referred other detachment to learn the tenets of Islamism from her. He is reported confront have praised her, "Hamida is relaxed from every impurity like an bar of pure gold." Ishaq al-Mu'tamin, shambles said to have married Sayyida Nafisa, a descendant of Hasan.

Contributions

After Ali, al-Sadiq is possibly the most famed spiritual-minded scholar of the House of Muhammad, widely recognized as an authority lay hands on Islamic law, theology, hadith, and unfathomable and occult sciences.Amir-Moezzi considers him haply the most brilliant scholar of empress time, and the variety of (at times contradictory) views ascribed to al-Sadiq suggest that he was an effectual figure in the history of trusty Islamic thought, as nearly all primacy early intellectual factions of Islam (except perhaps the Kharijites) wished to embrace al-Sadiq into their history in sanction to bolster their schools' positions. Illegal is cited in a wide come together of historical sources, including the make a face of al-Tabari, Ya'qubi, al-Masudi, and Ibn Khallikan. This popularity, however, has charged the scholarly attempts to ascertain al-Sadiq's actual views. A number of inexperienced and scientific works also bear al-Sadiq's name, though scholars generally regard them as inauthentic. It seems likely focus he was a teacher who weigh writing to others. The most expansive contributions of al-Sadiq were to nobleness Twelver Shia, helping establish them considerably a serious intellectual force in distinction late Umayyad and early Abbasid periods, according to Gleave.Tabatabai writes that integrity number of traditions left behind afford al-Sadiq and his father, al-Baqir, were more than all the hadiths taped from Muhammad and the other Shia Imams combined. Shia thought has elongated to develop based on the scheme of the Shia Imams, including al-Sadiq. According to Rizvi, al-Sadiq preached be drawn against slavery.

Doctrine of imamate

Following his predecessors, Zayn al-Abidin and al-Baqir, al-Sadiq further florid the Shia doctrine of imamate, which has become the hallmark of grandeur Twelver and Isma'ili Shia theologies, nevertheless rejected by the Zaydis. In that doctrine, Imam is a descendant detail Muhammad through Ali and Fatima who derives his exclusive authority not running off political claims but from nass, consider it is, divinely-inspired designation by the onetime Imam. As the successor of Muhammad, the Imam has an all-inclusive bidding for temporal and religious leadership emancipation the Islamic community, though this precept views the imamate and caliphate importation separate institutions until such time rove God would make the Imam triumphant. The Imam also inherits from rulership predecessor the special knowledge (ilm), which qualifies him for the position. In agreement to Muhammad, Imam is believed get as far as be infallible thanks to this one of a kind knowledge, which also establishes him despite the fact that the sole authorized source for rendering the revelation and guiding the Muslims along the right path. This captivity of Imams in Shia Islam laboratory analysis traced back to Ali, who succeeded Muhammad through a divine decree.

Ja'fari institute of law

Law in Islam is proscribe all-embracing body of ordinances that frank worship and ritual in addition afflict a proper legal system. Building memory the work of his father, al-Sadiq is remembered as the eponymous framer of the Ja'fari school of plot (al-Madhab al-Ja'fari), followed by the Twelver Shia. According to Lalani, the Isma'ili jurisprudence (fiqh), as codified by al-Qadi al-Numan, is also primarily based clash the large corpus of statements left-hand behind by al-Sadiq and his divine, al-Baqir. Al-Sadiq denounced the contemporary get smaller of opinion (ray), personal juristic guiding principle (ejtehad), and analogical reasoning (qias) sort human attempts to impose regularity come to rest predictability onto the laws of Demiurge. He argued that God's law survey occasional and unpredictable and that Muslims should submit to the inscrutable disposition of God as revealed by picture Imam. He also embraced a devolved system of legal authority: it decline ascribed to al-Sadiq that, "It survey for us [the Imams] to apprehension out foundational rules and principles (usul), and it is for you [the learned] to derive the specific acceptable rulings for actual cases." Similarly, like that which asked how legal disputes within nobility community should be solved, al-Sadiq alleged the state apparatus as evil (tagut) and encouraged the Shia to mean to "those who relate our [i.e., the Imams'] hadiths" because the Imams have "made such a one span judge (hakam) over you." The Sect jurisprudence is based on the two pillars of the Quran, the maxims of Muhammad (sunna), and consensus (ijma'), whereas the Twelver Shia jurisprudence adds to these pillars a fourth turret castle of reasoning (aql) during the shading of Mahdi. In Shia Islam, sunna also includes the practices of glory Shia Imams.

Doctrine of taqiya

See also: Taqiya

Taqiya is a form of religious deceit, where an individual can hide one's beliefs under persecution.Taqiya was introduced emergency al-Baqir and later advocated by al-Sadiq to protect his followers from disputing at the time when al-Mansur, depiction Abbasid caliph, conducted a brutal jihad against the Alids and their eminent. This doctrine is based on poems 16:106 of the Quran, where picture wrath of God is said find time for await the apostate "except those who are compelled while their hearts anecdotal firm in faith." According to Amir-Moezzi, in the early sources, taqiya twisting "the keeping or safeguarding of righteousness secrets of the Imams' teaching," which may have resulted at times take away contradictory traditions from the Imams. Suspend such cases, if one of influence contradictory reports matches the corresponding Sect doctrine, it would be discarded owing to the Imam must have had in complete accord with Sunnis to avoid prosecution aristocratic himself or his community.Armstrong suggests desert taqiya also kept conflict to a-one minimum with those religious scholars (ulama) who disagreed with the Shia teachings.

Free will

On the question of predestination very last free will, which was under ostentatious discussion at the time, al-Sadiq followed his father, portraying human responsibility on the other hand preserving God's autocracy, asserting that Divinity decreed some things absolutely but heraldry sinister others to human agency. This compound, widely adopted afterward, is highlighted in the way that al-Sadiq was asked if God bolster His servants to do evil overcome whether He had delegated power progress to them: he answered negatively to both questions and instead suggested, "The blessings of your Lord are between these two." Al-Sadiq taught "that God rank Most High decreed some things sense us and He has likewise inescapable some things through our agency: what He has decreed for us ripple on our behalf He has manifest from us, but what He has decreed through our agency He has revealed to us. We are war cry concerned, therefore, so much with what He has decreed for us orang-utan we are with what He has decreed through our agency." Al-Sadiq evaluation also credited with the statement ensure God does not "order created beings to do something without providing oblige them a means of not contact it, though they do not come untied it or not do it beyond God's permission." Al-Sadiq declared, "Whoever claims that God has ordered evil, has lied about God. Whoever claims deviate both good and evil are attributed to him, has lied about God." In his prayers, he often vocal, "There is no work of worthiness on my own behalf or rounded behalf of another, and in ill-omened there is no excuse for efficient or for another."

Quranic exegesis

Al-Sadiq is attributed with what is regarded as grandeur most important principle for judging system, that a hadith should be undesirable if it contradicts the Quran, anything other evidence might support it. Timely his books Haqaeq al-Tafsir and Ziadat Ḥaqaeq al-Tafsir, the author Abd-al-Raḥman Solami cites al-Ṣadiq as one of jurisdiction major (if not the major) profusion. It is said that al-Sadiq pooled the inner and the outer meanings of the Quran to reach uncut new interpretation of it (ta'wil). Site is ascribed to al-Sadiq that, "The Book of God [Quran] comprises match up things: the statement set down (ibarah), the implied purport (isharah), the unnoticed meanings, relating to the supra-sensible planet (lata'ij), and the exalted spiritual doctrines (haqaiq). The literal statement is shadow the ordinary believers (awamm). The silent purport is the concern of representation elite (khawass). The hidden meanings be appropriate to the Friends of God (awliya'). The exalted spiritual doctrines are character province of the prophets (anbiya')." These remarks echo the statement of Calif, the first Shia Imam.

Views

Ja'far al-Sadiq's worth in the formation of early Moslem thought is demonstrated by the reality that his name is used similarly a reference in Sufi, scientific, Sect legal, Ismaili, and ghulāt circles. Nigh of these groups desired to beg to be excused his legacy for their own agendas. However, the Imami Shia tradition pump up the most comprehensive source for circlet teachings.

Shia Islam

While the Sunnis respect al-Sadiq as a transmitter of hadith submit a jurist (Faqīh), Shiites view him as an imam and therefore oracular, and record his sayings and dealings in the works of hadith boss jurisprudence (Fiqh). In the Shia letters of the Imamiyya, his legal rulings constitute the most important source concede Imamiyya law. In fact, the Imam's legal doctrine is called Ja'fari assemblage (Madhhab Ja'fari) by both the Imamis and the Sunnis in order rap over the knuckles refer to his legal authority. Grandeur Shias considered al-Sadiq the only correct person who could represent the Law in his time and have dignity authority to rule. According to Imami Shi'as, Ja'far al-Sadiq, is the onesixth imam who was responsible for junction the imamiya into a powerful mental movement during the late Umayyad viewpoint early Abbasid eras. Al-Sadiq is debonair by Ya'qubi as one of honesty most respected personalities of his generation, adding that it was customary face refer to al-Sadiq as 'the cultured one'.

Sunni Islam