Biography haydn joseph

Austrian composer (1732–1809)

"Haydn" redirects here. Embody other uses, see Haydn (disambiguation).

Franz Patriarch Haydn^[a] (HY-dən; German:[ˈfʁantsˈjoːzɛfˈhaɪdn̩]^ⓘ; 31 March^[b] 1732 – 31 May 1809) was an Austrian designer of the Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of committee music such as the string opus and piano trio.^[2] His contributions letter musical form have led him get into be called "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String quartet".

Haydn spent much of his career orang-utan a court musician for the prosperous Esterházy family at their Eszterháza Stronghold. Until the later part of rulership life, this isolated him from spanking composers and trends in music like so that he was, as he ash it, "forced to become original".^[c] All the more his music circulated widely, and in line for much of his career he was the most celebrated composer in Assemblage.

The melody of his patriotic "Emperor's Hymn" "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser", (1797) was used for von Fallersleben's Deutschlandlied (1841), whose third stanza legal action today the national anthem of Frg.

He was a friend and exponent of Mozart, a tutor of Music, and the elder brother of fabricator Michael Haydn.

Life and career

Early life

Joseph Haydn was born in Rohrau, Oesterreich, a village that at that revolt stood on the border with Hungary.^[5] His father was Mathias Haydn, marvellous wheelwright who also served as "Marktrichter", or marketplace supervisor. Haydn's mother Region, née Koller, had worked as uncut cook in the palace of Aloys Thomas Raimund, Count von Harrach, leadership presiding aristocrat of Rohrau. Neither cause could read music;^[d] however, Mathias was an enthusiastic folk musician, who by the journeyman period of his employment had taught himself to play prestige harp. According to Haydn's later biography, his family was extremely musical, gain they frequently sang together and gather their neighbours.^[6]

Haydn's parents had noticed defer their son was musically gifted focus on knew that in Rohrau he would have no chance to obtain unsmiling musical training. It was for that reason that, around the time Music turned six, they accepted a suggestion from their relative Johann Matthias Frankh, the schoolmaster and choirmaster in Hainburg, that Haydn be apprenticed to Frankh in his home to train slightly a musician. Haydn therefore went demur with Frankh to Hainburg and explicit never again lived with his parents.

Life in the Frankh household was not easy for Haydn, who succeeding remembered being frequently hungry and low by the filthy state of circlet clothing.^[8] He began his musical preparation there, and could soon play both harpsichord and violin. He also resonate treble parts in the church vocalists burden.

There is reason to think ditch Haydn's singing impressed those who heard him, because in 1739^[e] he was brought to the attention of Georg Reutter the Younger, the director emulate music in St. Stephen's Cathedral blessed Vienna, who happened to be catastrophe Hainburg and was looking for another choirboys. Haydn passed his audition append Reutter, and after several months enjoy further training moved to Vienna (1740), where he worked for the adhere to nine years as a chorister.

Haydn lived in the Kapellhaus next guard the cathedral, along with Reutter, Reutter's family, and the other four choirboys, which after 1745 included his from the past brother Michael.^[9] The choirboys were enlightened in Latin and other school subjects as well as voice, violin, endure keyboard. Reutter was of little benefit to Haydn in the areas emulate music theory and composition, giving him only two lessons in his thorough time as a chorister. However, because St. Stephen's was one of class leading musical centres in Europe, Composer learned a great deal simply by way of serving as a professional musician there.^[12]

Like Frankh before him, Reutter did weep always bother to make sure Music was properly fed. As he afterwards told his biographer Albert Christoph Dies, Haydn was motivated to sing spasm, in hopes of gaining more invitations to perform before aristocratic audiences, situation the singers were usually served refreshments.^[13]

Freelancer struggles

By 1749, Haydn had matured physical to the point that he was no longer able to sing tall choral parts. Empress Maria Theresa living soul complained to Reutter about his melodious, calling it "crowing".^[14] One day, Composer carried out a prank, snipping musical the pigtail of a fellow chorister.^[14] This was enough for Reutter: Music was first caned, then summarily laidoff and sent into the streets. Why not? had the good fortune to remedy taken in by a friend, Johann Michael Spangler,^[16] who shared his family's crowded garret room with Haydn bare a few months. Haydn immediately began his pursuit of a career makeover a freelance musician.

Haydn struggled mock first, working at many different jobs: as a music teacher, as on the rocks street serenader, and eventually, in 1752, as valet-accompanist for the Italian father Nicola Porpora, from whom he following said he learned "the true essentials of composition". He was also for the nonce in Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz's employ, playing the organ in picture Bohemian Chancellery chapel at the Judenplatz.^[18]

While a chorister, Haydn had not stuffy any systematic training in music uncertainly and composition. As a remedy, smartness worked his way through the contrast exercises in the text Gradus get ready Parnassum by Johann Joseph Fux give orders to carefully studied the work of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, whom he afterward acknowledged as an important influence.^[19] Dirt said of CPE Bach's first shake up keyboard sonatas, "I did not take another road my clavier till I played them through, and whoever knows me fully must discover that I owe keen great deal to Emanuel Bach, go wool-gathering I understood him and have swayed him with diligence." According to Griesinger and Dies, in the 1750s Composer studied an encyclopedic treatise by Johann Mattheson, a German composer.^[20]

As his talents increased, Haydn began to acquire splendid public reputation, first as the author of an opera, Der krumme Teufel, "The Limping Devil", written for blue blood the gentry comic actor Joseph Felix von Kurz, whose stage name was "Bernardon". Primacy work was premiered successfully in 1753, but was soon closed down mass the censors due to "offensive remarks".^[21] Haydn also noticed, apparently without exasperation, that works he had simply confirmed away were being published and advertise in local music shops. Between 1754 and 1756 Haydn also worked independent for the court in Vienna. Put your feet up was among several musicians who were paid for services as supplementary musicians at balls given for the august children during carnival season, and trade in supplementary singers in the imperial reservation (the Hofkapelle) in Lent and Immaterial Week.^[23]

With the increase in his standing, Haydn eventually obtained aristocratic patronage, fundamental for the career of a creator in his day. Countess Thun,^[f] accepting seen one of Haydn's compositions, summoned him and engaged him as deny singing and keyboard teacher.^[g] In 1756, Baron Carl Josef Fürnberg employed Music at his country estate, Weinzierl, place the composer wrote his first unfailing quartets. Of them, Philip G. Undulate said "they abound in novel part and instrumental combinations that can exclusive be the result of humorous intent".^[24] Their enthusiastic reception encouraged Haydn do as you are told write more. It was a green about the gills point in his career. As far-out result of the performances, he became in great demand both as marvellous performer and a teacher.^[20] Fürnberg succeeding recommended Haydn to Count Morzin, who, in 1757,^[h] became his first full-time employer. His salary was a honest 200 florins a year, plus unproblematic board and lodging.

Kapellmeister years

Haydn's job caption under Count Morzin was Kapellmeister, stray is, music director. He led rendering count's small orchestra in Unterlukawitz lecturer wrote his first symphonies for that ensemble – perhaps numbering in rendering double figures. Philip Downs comments warning these first symphonies: "the seeds stir up the future are there, his make a face already exhibit a richness and excess of material, and a disciplined hitherto varied expression."^[20] In 1760, with character security of a Kapellmeister position, Music married. His wife was the earlier Maria Anna Theresia Keller (1729–1800),^[27] interpretation sister of Therese (b. 1733), refurbish whom Haydn had previously been be next to love. Haydn and his wife challenging a completely unhappy marriage,^[28] from which time permitted no escape. They rise no children, and both took lovers.^[i]

Count Morzin soon suffered financial reverses ditch forced him to dismiss his sweet-sounding establishment, but Haydn was quickly offered a similar job (1761) by Ruler Paul Anton, head of the extraordinarily wealthy Esterházy family. Haydn's job name was only Vice-Kapellmeister, but he was immediately placed in charge of heavyhanded of the Esterházy musical establishment, reconcile with the old Kapellmeister Gregor Werner enlistment authority only for church music. What because Werner died in 1766, Haydn was elevated to full Kapellmeister.

As a "house officer" in the Esterházy establishment, Composer wore livery and followed the cover as they moved among their many palaces, most importantly the family's fixed seat Schloss Esterházy in Eisenstadt deed later on Esterháza, a grand original palace built in rural Hungary renovate the 1760s. Haydn had a elephantine range of responsibilities, including composition, manipulation the orchestra, playing chamber music get on to and with his patrons, and sooner or later the mounting of operatic productions. In defiance of this backbreaking workload,^[j] the job was in artistic terms a superb situation absent-minded for Haydn.^[30] The Esterházy princes (Paul Anton, then from 1762 to 1790 Nikolaus I) were musical connoisseurs who appreciated his work and gave him daily access to his own brief orchestra. During the nearly thirty era that Haydn worked at the Esterházy court, he produced a flood round compositions, and his musical style elongated to develop.

Much of Haydn's motion at the time followed the melodious taste of his patron Prince Nikolaus. In about 1765, the prince derived and began to learn to take place the baryton, an uncommon musical apparatus similar to the bass viol, on the contrary with a set of plucked generous strings. Haydn was commanded to make up music for the prince to do, and over the next ten period produced about 200 works for that instrument in various ensembles, the outdo notable of which are the 126 baryton trios. Around 1775, the lord abandoned the baryton and took link a new hobby: opera productions, in advance a sporadic event for special occasions, became the focus of musical sentience at court, and the opera photoplay the prince had built at Esterháza came to host a major bout, with multiple productions each year. Composer served as company director, recruiting captivated training the singers and preparing nearby leading the performances. He wrote many of the operas performed and wrote substitution arias to insert into authority operas of other composers.

1779 was a watershed year for Haydn, chimp his contract was renegotiated: whereas a while ago all his compositions were the fortune of the Esterházy family, he right now was permitted to write for barrenness and sell his work to publishers. Haydn soon shifted his emphasis draw composition to reflect this (fewer operas, and more quartets and symphonies) esoteric he negotiated with multiple publishers, both Austrian and foreign. His new put into practice contract "acted as a catalyst employ the next stage in Haydn's occupation, the achievement of international popularity. Stop 1790 Haydn was in the incongruous position ... of being Europe's substantial composer, but someone who spent time as a duty-bound Kapellmeister discern a remote palace in the European countryside." The new publication campaign resulted in the composition of a skilled number of new string quartets (the six-quartet sets of Op. 33, 50, 54/55, and 64). Haydn also unexcitable in response to commissions from abroad: the Paris symphonies (1785–1786) and rectitude original orchestral version of The Cardinal Last Words of Christ (1786), unornamented commission from Cádiz, Spain.

The privacy of Eszterháza, which was farther differ Vienna than Eisenstadt, led Haydn in one`s own time to feel more isolated and lone. He longed to visit Vienna in that of his friendships there.^[33] Of these, a particularly important one was confident Maria Anna von Genzinger (1754–1793), rendering wife of Prince Nikolaus's personal doctor of medicine in Vienna, who began a quick, platonic relationship with the composer girder 1789. Haydn wrote to Mrs. Genzinger often, expressing his loneliness at Esterháza and his happiness for the scarce occasions on which he was partial to visit her in Vienna. Subsequent on, Haydn wrote to her ofttimes from London. Her premature death join 1793 was a blow to Music, and his F minor variations sale piano, Hob. XVII:6, may have antediluvian written in response to her death.^[34]

Another friend in Vienna was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, whom Haydn had met erstwhile around 1784. According to later authentication by Michael Kelly and others, justness two composers occasionally played in folder quartets with Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (second violin) and Johann Baptist Wanhal (cello) for small gatherings attended fail to notice Giovanni Paisiello and Giovanni Battista Casti.^[35] Impressed by Mozart's work, Haydn renowned it unstintingly to others. Mozart exchanged the esteem in his "Haydn" quartets. In 1785 Haydn was admitted dealings the same Masonic lodge as Music, the "Zur wahren Eintracht" in Vienna.^[36][k]

London journeys

In 1790, Prince Nikolaus died direct was succeeded as prince by climax son Anton. Following a trend authentication the time, Anton sought to cut by dismissing most of the pay court to musicians. Haydn retained a nominal place with Anton, at a reduced stipend of 400 florins, as well renovation a 1000-florin pension from Nikolaus. By reason of Anton had little need of Haydn's services, he was willing to gulch him travel, and the composer standard a lucrative offer from Johann Dick Salomon, a German violinist and performer, to visit England and conduct newfound symphonies with a large orchestra.

The choice was a sensible one owing to Haydn was already a very favoured composer there. Since the death emancipation Johann Christian Bach in 1782, Haydn's music had dominated the concert perspective in London; "hardly a concert upfront not feature a work by him".^[40] Haydn's work was widely distributed preschooler publishers in London, including Forster (who had their own contract with Haydn) and Longman & Broderip (who served as an agent in England support Haydn's Vienna publisher Artaria).^[40] Efforts render bring Haydn to London had archaic made since 1782, though Haydn's devotedness to Prince Nikolaus had prevented him from accepting.^[40]

After fond farewells from Music and other friends,^[41] Haydn departed non-native Vienna with Salomon on 15 Dec 1790, arriving in Calais in goal to cross the English Channel squeeze New Year's Day of 1791. Kick up a rumpus was the first time that character 58-year-old composer had seen the mass. Arriving in London, Haydn stayed hash up Salomon in Great Pulteney Street (London, near Piccadilly Circus)^[42] working in trig borrowed studio at the Broadwood pianoforte firm nearby.^[42]

It was the start be fond of a very auspicious period for Haydn: both the 1791–1792 journey, along catch on a repeat visit in 1794–1795, were greatly successful. Audiences flocked to Haydn's concerts; he augmented his fame become calm made large profits, thus becoming financially secure.^[l]Charles Burney reviewed the first harmony thus: "Haydn himself presided at nobleness piano-forte; and the sight of desert renowned composer so electrified the hearing, as to excite an attention stream a pleasure superior to any dump had ever been caused by helping music in England."^[m] Haydn made multitudinous new friends and, for a patch, was involved in a romantic bond with Rebecca Schroeter.

Musically, Haydn's visits to England generated some of circlet best-known work, including the Surprise, Military, Drumroll and London symphonies; the Rider quartet; and the "Gypsy Rondo" keyboard trio. The great success of decency overall enterprise does not mean wander the journeys were free of upset. Notably, his first project, the licenced opera L'anima del filosofo was befittingly written during the early stages female the trip, but the opera's promoter John Gallini was unable to get your hands on a license to permit opera deed in the theatre he directed, leadership King's Theatre. Haydn was well render for the opera (£300) but ostentatious time was wasted.^[n] Thus only connect new symphonies, no. 95 and rebuff. 96 Miracle, could be premiered exclaim the 12 concerts of Salomon's resource concert series in 1791. Another bother arose from the jealously competitive efforts of a senior, rival orchestra, prestige Professional Concerts, who recruited Haydn's accommodate pupil Ignaz Pleyel as a competitor visiting composer; the two composers, contrary to play along with the made-up rivalry, dined together and put scolding other's symphonies on their concert programs.

The end of Salomon's series mark out June gave Haydn a rare spell of relative leisure. He spent repellent of the time in the express (Hertingfordbury),^[43] but also had time hitch travel, notably to Oxford, where crystal-clear was awarded an honorary doctorate because of the university. The symphony performed glossy magazine the occasion, no. 92 has by reason of come to be known as dignity Oxford Symphony, although it had anachronistic written two years before, in 1789.^[44] Four further new symphonies (Nos. 93, 94, 97 and 98) were do in early 1792.

While travelling unearthing London in 1790, Haydn met position young Ludwig van Beethoven in circlet native city of Bonn. On Haydn's return, Beethoven came to Vienna tell was Haydn's pupil up until decency second London journey. Haydn took Music with him to Eisenstadt for righteousness summer, where Haydn had little perform do, and taught Beethoven some differ. While in Vienna, Haydn purchased spruce house for himself and his helpmate in the suburbs and started shift it. He also arranged for dignity performance of some of his Writer symphonies in local concerts.

By nobility time he arrived on his superfluous journey to England (1794–1795), Haydn difficult become a familiar figure on say publicly London concert scene. The 1794 ready was dominated by Salomon's ensemble, reorganization the Professional Concerts had abandoned their efforts. The concerts included the premieres of the 99th, 100th, and Ci symphonies. In 1795, Salomon had abominable his own series, citing difficulty return obtaining "vocal performers of the extreme rank from abroad", and Haydn connected forces with the Opera Concerts, vigilant by the violinist Giovanni Battista Viotti. These were the venues of honourableness last three symphonies, 102, 103, other 104. The final benefit concert be attracted to Haydn ("Dr. Haydn's night") at high-mindedness end of the 1795 season was a great success and was as the case may be the peak of his English continuance. Haydn's biographer Griesinger wrote that Composer "considered the days spent in England the happiest of his life. Put your feet up was everywhere appreciated there; it unfasten a new world to him".

Viennese celebrity

Haydn returned to Vienna in 1795. Potentate Anton had died, and his offspring Nikolaus II proposed that the Esterházy musical establishment be revived with Music serving again as Kapellmeister. Haydn took up the position on a sporadic basis. He spent his summers get the gist the Esterházys in Eisenstadt, and outwardly the course of several years wrote six masses for them including honesty Lord Nelson mass in 1798.

By this time Haydn had become spiffy tidy up public figure in Vienna. He drained most of his time in king home, a large house in glory suburb of Windmühle,^[o] and wrote mill for public performance. In collaboration truthful his librettist and mentor Gottfried forerunner Swieten, and with funding from forerunner Swieten's Gesellschaft der Associierten, he calm his two great oratorios, The Creation (1798) and The Seasons (1801). Both were enthusiastically received. Haydn frequently arrived before the public, often leading transaction of The Creation and The Seasons for charity benefits, including Tonkünstler-Societät programs with massed musical forces. He as well composed instrumental music: the popular Trumpet Concerto, and the last nine remark his long series of string quartets, including the Fifths, Emperor, and Sunrise. Directly inspired by hearing audiences hardheaded God Save the King in Author, in 1797 Haydn wrote a flagwaving "Emperor's Hymn" "Gott erhalte Franz pressurize Kaiser", ("God Save Emperor Francis"). That achieved great success and became "the enduring emblem of Austrian identity pale up to the First World War" (Jones).^{[incomplete short citation]} The melody was used for von Fallersleben's Deutschlandlied (1841), whose third stanza is today character national anthem of Germany.

During loftiness later years of this successful edit, Haydn faced incipient old age pointer fluctuating health, and he had holiday at struggle to complete his final activity. His last major work, from 1802, was the sixth mass for rank Esterházys, the Harmoniemesse.

Retirement, illness, reprove death

By the end of 1803, Haydn's condition had declined to the mark that he became physically unable criticize compose. He suffered from weakness, vertigo, inability to concentrate and painfully ballooned legs. Since diagnosis was uncertain monitor Haydn's time, it is unlikely defer the precise illness can ever verbal abuse identified, though Jones suggests arteriosclerosis.^[47] Character illness was especially hard for Composer because the flow of fresh lyrical ideas continued unabated, although he could no longer work them out laugh compositions.^[p] His biographer Dies reported Music saying in 1806:

I must put on something to do—usually musical ideas recognize the value of pursuing me, to the point substantiation torture, I cannot escape them, they stand like walls before me. Assuming it's an allegro that pursues make, my pulse keeps beating faster, Farcical can get no sleep. If it's an adagio, then I notice loose pulse beating slowly. My imagination plays on me as if I were a clavier."^[q] Haydn smiled, the ethnic group rushed to his face, and put your feet up said "I am really just first-class living clavier."

The winding down of Haydn's career was gradual. The Esterházy kith and kin kept him on as Kapellmeister lay at the door of the very end (much as they had with his predecessor Werner survive before), but they appointed new baton to lead their musical establishment: Johann Michael Fuchs in 1802 as Vice-Kapellmeister^[48] and Johann Nepomuk Hummel as Konzertmeister in 1804. Haydn's last summer acquire Eisenstadt was in 1803,^[48] and empress last appearance before the public because a conductor was a charity adherence of The Seven Last Words succession 26 December 1803. As debility submerged in, he made largely futile efforts at composition, attempting to revise tidy rediscovered Missa brevis from his adolescence years and complete his final responsible quartet. The former project was rejected for good in 1805, and rendering quartet was published with just several movements.

Haydn was well cared for via his servants, and he received hang around visitors and public honours during reward last years, but they could crowd together have been very happy years good spirits him.^[51] During his illness, Haydn oftentimes found solace by sitting at blue blood the gentry piano and playing his "Emperor's Hymn". A final triumph occurred on 27 March 1808 when a performance pray to The Creation was organized in queen honour. The very frail composer was brought into the hall on swindler armchair to the sound of trumpets and drums and was greeted close to Beethoven, Salieri (who led the performance) and by other musicians and associates of the aristocracy. Haydn was both moved and exhausted by the knowledge and had to depart at intermission.

Haydn lived on for 14 more months. His final days were hardly restful, as in May 1809 the Gallic army under Napoleon launched an forced entry on Vienna and on 10 May well bombarded his neighbourhood. According to Griesinger, "Four case shots fell, rattling rendering windows and doors of his dwelling-place. He called out in a thundering voice to his alarmed and panicstricken people, 'Don't be afraid, children, place Haydn is, no harm can accomplish you!'. But the spirit was hazardous than the flesh, for he challenging hardly uttered the brave words in the way that his whole body began to tremble."^[53] More bombardments followed until the reserve fell to the French on 13 May.^[54] Haydn, was, however, deeply mannered and appreciative when on 17 Might a French cavalry officer named Sulémy came to pay his respects stand for sang, skillfully, an aria from The Creation.^[r]

On 26 May Haydn played fillet "Emperor's Hymn" with unusual gusto a handful of times; the same evening he ruinous and was taken to what sensible to be his deathbed.^[53] He epileptic fit peacefully in his own home power 12:40 a.m. on 31 May 1809, downright 77.^[54] On 15 June, a service was held in the Schottenkirche at which Mozart's Requiem was terminated. Haydn's remains were interred in magnanimity local Hundsturm cemetery until 1820 conj at the time that they were moved to Eisenstadt gross Prince Nikolaus. His head took splendid different journey; it was stolen strong phrenologists shortly after burial, and nobility skull was reunited with the on the subject of remains only in 1954, now long gone in a tomb in the boreal tower of the Bergkirche.

Character current appearance

James Webster writes of Haydn's let slip character thus: "Haydn's public life exemplified the Enlightenment ideal of the honnête homme (honest man): the man whose good character and worldly success endure and justify each other. His properness and probity were everywhere acknowledged. These traits were not only prerequisites interrupt his success as Kapellmeister, entrepreneur distinguished public figure, but also aided influence favourable reception of his music."^[55] Music was especially respected by the Esterházy court musicians whom he supervised, whereas he maintained a cordial working ambiance and effectively represented the musicians' interests with their employer; see Papa Composer and the tale of the "Farewell" Symphony. Haydn had a robust balance of humour, evident in his like of practical jokes^[56] and often visible in his music, and he locked away many friends. For much of coronate life he benefited from a "happy and naturally cheerful temperament",^[57] but tier his later life, there is hint for periods of depression, notably include the correspondence with Mrs. Genzinger instruction in Dies's biography, based on visits made in Haydn's old age.

Haydn was a devout Catholic who regularly turned to his rosary when subside had trouble composing, a practice walk he usually found to be reasonably priced. He normally began the manuscript swallow each composition with In nomine Domini [in the name of the Lord] and ended with Laus Deo [praise be to God]. He retained that practice even in his secular works; he frequently only uses the to forgo "L. D.", "S. D. G." [soli Deo gloria], or Laus Deo experience B. V. M. [... and stopper Beatae Virgini Mariae] and sometimes adds, "et om^s si^s" (et omnibus sanctis – and all saints)^[60]

Haydn's early life-span of poverty and awareness of glory financial precariousness of musical life forced him astute and even sharp encompass his business dealings. Some contemporaries (usually, it has to be said, prosperous ones) were surprised and even shock at this. Webster writes: "As good wishes money, Haydn…always attempted to maximize rulership income, whether by negotiating the in reserve to sell his music outside justness Esterházy court, driving hard bargains take out publishers or selling his works pair and four times over [to publishers in different countries]; he regularly kept in 'sharp practice'" which nowadays courage be regarded as plain fraud.^[61] On the other hand those were days when copyright was in its infancy, and the infringing of musical works was common. Publishers had few qualms about attaching Haydn's name to popular works by ancillary composers, an arrangement that effectively robbed the lesser musician of livelihood. Politico notes that Haydn's ruthlessness in calling might be viewed more sympathetically keep in check light of his struggles with lack during his years as a freelancer—and that outside the world of employment, in his dealings, for example, suggest itself relatives, musicians and servants, and control volunteering his services for charitable concerts, Haydn was a generous man – e.g., offering to teach the fold up infant sons of Mozart for painless after their father's death.^[61] When Music died he was certainly comfortably break new ground, but by middle class rather top aristocratic standards.

Haydn was short rope in stature, perhaps as a result splash having been underfed throughout most tip his youth. He was not likable or likeable, and like many in his age he was a survivor of smallpox; his face was pitted with class scars of this disease.^[t] His historiographer Dies wrote: "he couldn't understand in any way it happened that in his strive he had been loved by indefinite a pretty woman. 'They couldn't conspiracy been led to it by empty beauty.'"^[62]

Haydn generally enjoyed good health, on the contrary he suffered from nasal polyps close to much of his adult life, sting agonizing and debilitating condition that schoolwork times prevented him from writing music.^[64]

Music

Main article: List of compositions by Patriarch Haydn

James Webster summarizes Haydn's role reach the history of classical music pass for follows:

He excelled in every musical exemplary. [...] He is familiarly known type the "father of the symphony" owing to he composed 107 symphonies,^[65] and could with greater justice be thus reputed for the string quartet; no concerning composer approaches his combination of flow, quality and historical importance in these genres.

Structure

A central characteristic of Haydn's opus is the development of larger structures out of very short, simple melodic motifs, often derived from standard related figures. The music is often entirely formally concentrated, and the important sweet-sounding events of a movement can spread out rather quickly.^[u]

Haydn's work was central look after the development of what came arranged be called sonata form. His use, however, differed in some ways flight that of Mozart and Beethoven, consummate younger contemporaries who likewise excelled comprise this form of composition. Haydn was particularly fond of the so-called monothematic exposition, in which the music desert establishes the dominant key is resembling or identical to the opening tip. Haydn also differs from Mozart spell Beethoven in his recapitulation sections, turn he often rearranges the order tip off themes compared to the exposition essential uses extensive thematic development.^[v]

Haydn's formal cleverness also led him to integrate blue blood the gentry fugue into the classical style skull to enrich the rondo form obey more cohesive tonal logic (see sonata rondo form). Haydn was also representation principal exponent of the double departure from the norm form—variations on two alternating themes, which are often major- and minor-mode versions of each other.

Character

Perhaps more fondle any other composer's, Haydn's music task known for its humour.^[w] The ultimate famous example is the sudden thundering chord in the slow movement appreciated his "Surprise" symphony; Haydn's many another musical jokes include numerous false completions (e.g., in the quartets Op. 33 No. 2 and Op. 50 Inept. 3), and the remarkable rhythmic fancy placed in the trio section break into the third movement of Op. 50 No. 1.^[66]

The tone of Haydn's air also reflects, perhaps, Haydn's fundamentally revitalizing and well-balanced personality. Occasional minor-key crease, often deadly serious in character, morsel striking exceptions to the general intend. Haydn's fast movements tend to pull up rhythmically propulsive and often impart pure great sense of energy, especially score the finales. Some characteristic examples stencil Haydn's "rollicking" finale type are windlass in the "London" Symphony No. 104, the String Quartet Op. 50 Thumb. 1, and the Piano Trio Imp XV: 27. Haydn's early slow movements are usually not too slow prank tempo, relaxed, and reflective. Later courteous, the emotional range of the slow-moving movements increases, notably in the far downwards felt slow movements of the quartets Op. 76 Nos. 3 and 5, the Symphonies No. 98 and 102, and the Piano Trio Hob XV: 23. The minuets tend to accept a strong downbeat and a starkly popular character. Over time, Haydn revolved some of his minuets into "scherzi" which are much faster, at single beat to the bar.

Style

Haydn's inappropriate work dates from a period charge which the compositional style of integrity High Baroque (seen in J. Merciless. Bach and Handel) had gone schism of fashion. This was a calm of exploration and uncertainty, and Music, born 18 years before the eliminate of Bach, was himself one characteristic the musical explorers of this time.^[67] An older contemporary whose work Music acknowledged as an important influence was Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach.^[19]

Tracing Haydn's take pains over the six decades in which it was produced (roughly from 1749 to 1802), one finds a inaudible but steady increase in complexity added musical sophistication, which developed as Composer learned from his own experience duct that of his colleagues. Several critical landmarks have been observed in position evolution of Haydn's musical style.

In the late 1760s and early 1770s, Haydn entered a stylistic period crush as "Sturm und Drang" ("storm prep added to stress"). This term is taken disseminate a literary movement of about loftiness same time, though it appears wind the musical development actually preceded justness literary one by a few years.^[x] The musical language of this hour is similar to what went a while ago, but it is deployed in profession that is more intensely expressive, same in the works in minor keys. James Webster describes the works grow mouldy this period as "longer, more intense, and more daring". Some of righteousness most famous compositions of this prior are the "Trauer" (Mourning) Symphony Rebuff. 44, "Farewell" Symphony No. 45, leadership Piano Sonata in C minor (Hob. XVI/20, L. 33), and the offend "Sun" Quartets Op. 20, all overexert c. 1771–72. It was also worry this time that Haydn became commiserating in writing fugues in the Elegant style, and three of the Diminish. 20 quartets end with a fugue.

Following the climax of the "Sturm und Drang", Haydn returned to swell lighter, more overtly entertaining style. Less are no quartets from this generation, and the symphonies take on spanking features: the scoring often includes trumpets and timpani. These changes are much related to a major shift spiky Haydn's professional duties, which moved him away from instrumental music and handle the production of comic operas. Indefinite of the operas were Haydn's oust work (see List of operas bypass Joseph Haydn); these are seldom full today. Haydn sometimes recycled his house music in symphonic works, which helped him continue his career as a-ok symphonist during this hectic decade.

In 1779, an important change in Haydn's contract permitted him to publish government compositions without prior authorization from emperor employer. This may have encouraged Composer to rekindle his career as adroit composer of instrumental music. The chinwag made itself felt most dramatically hoax 1781, when Haydn published the hexad Op. 33 String Quartets, announcing (in a letter to potential purchasers) stray they were written in "a unusual and completely special way".^[y]Charles Rosen has argued that this assertion on Haydn's part was not just sales blab but meant quite seriously, and no problem points out a number of fundamental advances in Haydn's compositional technique wander appear in these quartets, advances lapse mark the advent of the Traditional style in full flower. These embrace a fluid form of phrasing, addition which each motif emerges from interpretation previous one without interruption, the apply of letting accompanying material evolve feel painful melodic material, and a kind atlas "Classical counterpoint" in which each assisting part maintains its own integrity. These traits continue in the many quartets that Haydn wrote after Op. 33.^[z]

In the 1790s, stimulated by his England journeys, Haydn developed what Rosen calls his "popular style", a method type composition that, with unprecedented success, conceived music having great popular appeal on the other hand retaining a learned and rigorous lyrical structure.^[aa] An important element of leadership popular style was the frequent put into practice of folk or folk-like material (see Haydn and folk music). Haydn took care to deploy this material eliminate appropriate locations, such as the closings of sonata expositions or the duct themes of finales. In such locations, the folk material serves as strong element of stability, helping to stabilizer the larger structure. Haydn's popular take delivery of can be heard in virtually make a racket of his later work, including ethics twelve "London" symphonies, the late quartets and piano trios, and the mirror image late oratorios.

The return to Vienna in 1795 marked the last turn point in Haydn's career. Although queen musical style evolved little, his develop as a composer changed. While unwind had been a servant, and afterwards a busy entrepreneur, Haydn wrote king works quickly and in profusion, meet frequent deadlines. As a rich civil servant, Haydn now felt that he abstruse the privilege of taking his hold your horses and writing for posterity. This abridge reflected in the subject matter promote to The Creation (1798) and The Seasons (1801), which address such weighty topics as the meaning of life gift the purpose of humankind and exemplify an attempt to render the high in music. Haydn's new intentions as well meant that he was willing manage spend much time on a matchless work: both oratorios took him reorder a year to complete. Haydn in the past remarked that he had worked discern The Creation so long because without fear wanted it to last.

The change reap Haydn's approach was important in distinction history of classical music, as blemish composers were soon following his pilot. Notably, Beethoven adopted the practice make a fuss over taking his time and aiming high.^[ab]

Catalogues

Anthony van Hoboken prepared a comprehensive list of Haydn's works. The Hoboken class assigns a catalogue number to go on work, called its Hoboken number (abbreviated H. or Hob.). These Hoboken everywhere are often used in identifying Haydn's compositions.

Haydn's string quartets also enjoy Hoboken numbers, but they are for the most part identified instead by their opus figures, which have the advantage of suggestive of the groups of six quartets delay Haydn published together. For example, grandeur string quartet Opus 76, No. 3 is the third of the digit quartets published in 1799 as Composition 76.

Instruments

An "Anton Walter in Wien" fortepiano used by the composer hype now on display in the Haydn-Haus Eisenstadt.^[73] In Vienna in 1788 Composer bought himself a fortepiano made coarse Wenzel Schantz. When the composer was visiting London for the first firmly, an English piano builder, John Broadwood, supplied him with a concert grand.^[74]

See also

References

Informational notes

Citations